Supplementary for: Constraints on paleo hydrological activities on Mars derived from delta formation

Supplementary doc for Constraints on paleo hydrological activities on Mars derived from delta formation: This Supporting Information documents the data processing, measurement methods, mapping results, quantitative analyses, and sensitivity tests supporting the main manuscript. Text S1 describes the datasets and preprocessing procedures. Text S2 details the identification of paleo channels and the measurements of channel morphology, valley volume, and delta volume. Geologic maps of the extended regions of the Jezero, No-Name, Eberswalde, Rypin, and Balvicar deltas and their supplying valleys are presented in Fig. S2–S6. Topographic maps of the extended regions encompassing the Hypanis, Nanedi, Eberswalde, No-Name, Jezero, Rypin, and Balvicar deltas and their respective supplying valleys are shown in Fig. S7–S12. Quantitative analyses of water discharge, sediment transport rates, formation timescales, and water requirements for delta formation are provided in Fig. S13–S19. Fig. S13 illustrates water discharge estimated using four methods under varying water levels in the inlet rivers. Bankfull water discharge derived from the four methods and its variation with latitude are presented in Fig. S14. Maximum and minimum sediment discharge for different water depths are shown in Fig. S15, while latitudinal variations in sediment transport rates are depicted in Fig. S16. Fig. S17 presents the continuous timespan required to form deltas under different water levels. The water requirements for delta formation estimated using four methods are shown in Fig. S18, and their latitudinal variation is illustrated in Fig. S19. Crater-count age estimates for the deltas and their associated regions are provided in Fig. S20–S22. Comparisons of water discharge, sediment transport rates, and formation timescales with previous studies (Kleinhans et al., 2010; Salese et al., 2020) are presented in Text S4 and Fig. S23–S25. The sensitivity of the results to sediment grain size is evaluated in Text S5 and Fig. S26–S29, illustrating how water discharge, sediment transport rates, formation timescales, and water requirements vary across a range of grain sizes. Mapped craters for age estimate are shown in Fig. S31 to Fig. S42. Contents of this file Text S1 Data Text S1.1 Data collection and processing Text S1.2 Flat-field correction to the CTX images Text S2 Measurement Text S2.1 Paleo channel identification and morphology measurement Test S2.2 Valley volume measurement Text S2.3 Delta volume measurement Text S3 Flow discharge equations Figures (1) Geologic maps: Fig. S2 to Fig. S6 (2) Topographic maps: Fig. S7 to Fig. S12 (3) Topographic maps: Fig. S13 to Fig. S19 (4) Age estimate: Fig. S20 to Fig. S22 Text S4 Comparation with former studies Text S5 The sensitivity of our result to grain size test Figures Mapped craters for age estimate: Fig. S30 to Fig. S42《基于三角洲形成反演的火星古水文活动（paleo hydrological activities）约束条件补充材料》 本补充材料详细记录了支撑主稿件的数据处理、测量方法、制图结果、定量分析与敏感性测试。文本S1介绍了数据集与预处理流程。文本S2详细阐述了古河道（paleo channel）识别以及河道形态、河谷体积与三角洲体积的测量方法。 图S2至S6展示了杰泽罗（Jezero）、无名（No-Name）、埃伯斯瓦尔德（Eberswalde）、雷平（Rypin）与巴尔维卡尔（Balvicar）三角洲及其补给河谷的扩展区域地质图。图S7至S12则呈现了涵盖许珀尼斯（Hypanis）、南代迪（Nanedi）、埃伯斯瓦尔德、无名、杰泽罗、雷平与巴尔维卡尔三角洲及其各自补给河谷的扩展区域地形图。 图S13至S19提供了径流量、沉积物输运率、形成时间尺度以及三角洲形成需水量的定量分析结果。图S13展示了利用四种方法、针对入口河道不同水位估算得到的径流量。图S14呈现了基于四种方法得到的满岸径流量及其随纬度的变化规律。图S15展示了不同水深下的最大与最小沉积物输运率，而图S16则描绘了沉积物输运率的纬度变化特征。图S17给出了不同水位条件下形成三角洲所需的连续时间跨度。图S18展示了基于四种方法估算得到的三角洲形成需水量，其纬度变化规律由图S19呈现。图S20至S22提供了三角洲及其关联区域的撞击坑定年估算结果。 文本S4与图S23至S25展示了本研究径流量、沉积物输运率与形成时间尺度与前人研究（Kleinhans等，2010；Salese等，2020）的对比结果。文本S5与图S26至S29评估了研究结果对沉积物粒径的敏感性，阐明了径流量、沉积物输运率、形成时间尺度与需水量如何随粒径范围发生变化。用于定年的已测绘撞击坑如图S31至S42所示。 本文件内容目录： 文本S1 数据 文本S1.1 数据收集与处理 文本S1.2 CTX影像（Context Camera影像）的平场校正 文本S2 测量 文本S2.1 古河道识别与形态测量 文本S2.2 河谷体积测量 文本S2.3 三角洲体积测量 文本S3 径流量计算公式 图表 (1) 地质图：图S2至图S6 (2) 地形图：图S7至图S12 (3) 地形图：图S13至图S19 (4) 定年估算：图S20至图S22 文本S4 与前人研究的对比 文本S5 本研究结果对沉积物粒径的敏感性测试 图表：用于定年的已测绘撞击坑：图S30至图S42