U.S. Test System with High Spatial and Temporal Resolution for Renewable Integration Studies

<strong>Abstract</strong> Planning for power systems with high penetrations of variable renewable energy requires higher spatial and temporal granularity. However, most publicly available test systems are of insufficient fidelity for developing methods and tools for high- resolution planning. This paper presents methods to construct open-access test systems of high spatial granularity to more accurately represent current infrastructure and high temporal granularity to represent variability of demand and renewable resources. To demonstrate, a high-resolution test system representing the United States is created using only publicly available data. This test system is validated by running it in a production cost model, with results validated against historical generation to ensure that they are representative. The resulting open source test system can support power system transition planning and aid in development of tools to answer questions around how best to reach decarbonization goals, using the most effective combinations of transmission expansion, renewable generation, and energy storage. <strong>Documentation of dataset development</strong> A paper describing the process of developing the dataset is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06155. Please cite as: Y. Xu, Nathan Myhrvold, Dhileep Sivam, Kaspar Mueller, Daniel J. Olsen, Bainan Xia, Daniel Livengood, Victoria Hunt, Benjamin Rouillé d'Orfeuil, Daniel Muldrew, Merrielle Ondreicka, Megan Bettilyon, "U.S. Test System with High Spatial and Temporal Resolution for Renewable Integration Studies," 2020 IEEE PES General Meeting, Montreal, Canada, 2020. <strong>Dataset version history</strong> 0.1, January 31, 2020: initial data upload. 0.2, March 10, 2020: addition of Tabular Data Package metadata, modifications to cost curves and transmission capacities aimed at more closely matching optimization results to historical data. 0.2.1, March 25, 2020: [erroneous upload] 0.2.2, March 26, 2020: [erroneous upload] 0.2.3, March 31, 2020: corrected a bug in the wind profile generation process which was pulling the wrong locations for wind farms outside the Western Interconnection. 0.2.4, April 15, 2020: added ramp rate limits to fossil fuel generators. 0.3.0, June 23, 2020: Scaling cost curves to more produce LMPs which are more reflective of historical market prices, updating the set of back-to-back HVDC converter stations to be more reflective of current capacities/locations, miscellaneous data fixes to a few erroneous cost curve and heat rate curve parameters. 0.4.0, January 19, 2021: Updated the base grid to include generators added in the years 2017-2019 Added hypothetical offshore wind generators and power profiles at 1 MW capacities Added a .mat file representing the 'base' grid for use with REISE.jl Added several sets of input files which simulate the 'current' (2020) grid, as well as potential future grids for the year 2030.【摘要】高可变可再生能源渗透率的电力系统规划，对时空分辨率提出了更高要求。然而，当前多数公开可用的测试系统，在开发高分辨率规划方法与工具时，保真度仍存在不足。本文提出了两类构建开放获取测试系统的方法：其一采用高空间分辨率以更精准地表征现有电力基础设施；其二采用高时间分辨率以刻画需求与可再生能源的波动性。作为示例，本文仅依托公开数据构建了一套代表美国的高分辨率测试系统。通过在发电成本模型中运行该系统，并将结果与历史发电数据比对验证，确保其具备工程代表性。最终得到的开源测试系统可支撑电力系统转型规划，助力开发相关工具，以通过输电扩建、可再生发电与储能的最优组合，解答如何最有效地实现脱碳目标相关问题。 【数据集开发文档说明】本数据集开发流程的相关研究论文可在https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06155查阅。请按以下格式引用：Y. Xu, Nathan Myhrvold, Dhileep Sivam, Kaspar Mueller, Daniel J. Olsen, Bainan Xia, Daniel Livengood, Victoria Hunt, Benjamin Rouillé d'Orfeuil, Daniel Muldrew, Merrielle Ondreicka, Megan Bettilyon, "面向可再生能源并网研究的高时空分辨率美国测试系统", 2020 IEEE PES 大会, 加拿大蒙特利尔, 2020. 【数据集版本历史】 v0.1，2020年1月31日：首次上传数据集。 v0.2，2020年3月10日：新增表格数据包（Tabular Data Package）元数据，调整成本曲线与输电容量参数，以使优化结果更贴合历史数据。 v0.2.1，2020年3月25日：[错误上传] v0.2.2，2020年3月26日：[错误上传] v0.2.3，2020年3月31日：修复风电剖面生成流程中的一处缺陷，该缺陷曾导致西部互联电网（Western Interconnection）以外风电场的选址出现偏差。 v0.2.4，2020年4月15日：为化石燃料发电机组新增爬坡速率限制约束。 v0.3.0，2020年6月23日：调整成本曲线以生成更贴合历史市场电价的位置边际电价（Locational Marginal Price, LMP）；更新背靠背高压直流（High Voltage Direct Current, HVDC）换流站的配置，使其更贴合当前的装机容量与选址情况；修复若干错误的成本曲线与热耗率曲线参数等多项数据问题。 v0.4.0，2021年1月19日：更新基础电网，纳入2017-2019年新增的发电机组；新增额定容量为1MW的假想海上风力发电机组及其出力曲线；新增适用于REISE.jl的"基础"电网.mat格式文件；新增多组输入文件，分别模拟2020年的"当前"电网以及2030年的潜在未来电网。