Māori men renewing cultural embeddedness through engagements in tangihanga

Research on Māori (Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand) men have been predominantly deficit-focused and reliant upon negative stereotypes relating to crime, anti-social behaviour, and poor parenting practices. There has been little research on the positive contributions Māori men make to their whānau (immediate and extended family), communities, and broader society. This research draws on Kaupapa Māori research (KMR) and elements of ethnographic and case-based methods to study men's contributions during a series of tangihanga (traditional Māori funeral process of grieving) held on a marae (ceremonial arena specific to the socio-cultural history of a Māori sub-tribe and/or tribe). Our approach was guided by Kaupapa Māori research principles and included Pūrākau (narrative) interviews with five men who were working to support the tangihanga, and direct go-along observations by the first author who worked with participants at the marae where tangihanga were being held. By participating in collective practices of work, grief and mourning during tangihanga, these men embraced opportunities to reflect on their lives and ways of being Māori men, and to share their emotions in positive ways rarely considered in literature on contemporary Māori masculinities. By contributing positively to tangihanga, participants were able to renew themselves within culturally patterned ways of being Māori men both within the Māori world and broader settler society of Aotearoa New Zealand. The cultural institution of tangihanga contributed positively to participants' sense of cultural continuity and self as Māori.

关于毛利人（新西兰奥特亚罗瓦的原住民）男性的研究，长期以来多聚焦于缺陷视角，且依赖于与犯罪、反社会行为及不良育儿方式相关的负面刻板印象。然而，关于毛利男性对其瓦瑙（直系及扩展家庭）、社区及更广泛社会所做积极贡献的研究却寥寥无几。本研究采用毛利 kaupapa 研究（Kaupapa Māori Research, KMR），并结合民族志与案例研究方法的元素，旨在探究男性在马拉埃（特定于毛利次部落及/或部落社会文化历史的仪式场所）举办的一系列坦吉哈（传统毛利哀悼葬礼仪式）期间所做的贡献。本研究方法以毛利 kaupapa 研究原则为指导，包括对五名参与支持坦吉哈的男性进行普拉克奥（叙事）访谈，以及第一作者通过与参与者在举办坦吉哈的马拉埃共事，开展直接随行观察。通过参与坦吉哈期间的集体劳作、哀悼与悲伤表达等实践，这些男性获得了反思自身生活及作为毛利男性存在方式的机会，并以积极方式分享情感——这在当代毛利男性气质相关文献中鲜少被提及。通过对坦吉哈做出积极贡献，参与者得以在毛利世界及新西兰奥特亚罗瓦更广泛的定居者社会中，以符合文化模式的方式重塑自身作为毛利男性的身份。坦吉哈这一文化制度对参与者的文化延续感及毛利身份认同产生了积极影响。