Table_1_Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise and Its Effects on Postural Sway: Does Sport Make a Difference?.pdf

While the effect of a variety of exercises on postural balance control has been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to those requiring sport-specific skills. Therefore there is a need to analyze the literature and elucidate changes in postural balance control after exercises performed in conditions close to a particular sport. This scoping review aims (i) To map the literature that addresses postural sway aspects of acute responses to general and sport-specific exercises and their underlying physiological mechanisms, and (ii) To identify gaps in the existing literature and propose future research on this topic. The main literature search conducted on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases was completed by SpringerLink, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. A total of 60 articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings identified that among a variety of studies evaluating the effects of exercise on postural balance control, only few of them were conducted under sport-specific conditions (i.e., while shooting in biathlon or pentathlon, and after simulated or match-induced protocols in combat and team sports). Therefore, more research is still needed to address this gap in the literature and aim research at investigation of postural sway response to sport-specific exercises. Further analysis of the literature showed that the type, intensity and duration of exercise play a key role in increased postural sway. Whole body and localized muscular fatigue of the trunk, neck and lower limbs is considered to be a main factor responsible for the magnitude of balance impairment in an initial phase of recovery and speed of its readjustment to a pre-exercise level. Other likely factors affecting postural stability are hyperventilation and deterioration of sensorimotor functions, though some contribution of muscle damage, dehydration, hyperthermia or dizziness cannot be excluded. A better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of balance impairment after exercises performed under simulated fatigue induced protocol, close to conditions specific to a particular sport, has implications for designing smart exercise programs tailored to individual needs to improve athlete performance with high demands on postural stability and/or decrease their risk of injuries.

尽管各类运动对姿势平衡控制的影响已得到广泛研究，但针对需要专项运动技能的运动的相关探讨却相对不足。因此，有必要对现有文献进行分析，阐明在接近特定运动场景的条件下进行练习后，姿势平衡控制所发生的变化。本次范围综述旨在达成两大目标：其一，梳理针对普通练习与专项运动练习的急性反应中姿势摇摆相关研究及其潜在生理机制的相关文献；其二，识别现有文献存在的研究空白，并提出该领域未来的研究方向。本研究主要在MEDLINE、Web of Science、Scopus、PubMed、Cochrane Library数据库开展文献检索，并辅以SpringerLink、Elsevier及Google Scholar搜索引擎，最终共有60篇文献符合纳入标准。研究结果显示，在各类评估运动对姿势平衡控制影响的研究中，仅有少数是在专项运动场景下开展的，例如冬季两项或现代五项中的射击环节，以及格斗类、团队球类运动的模拟训练或赛事赛后场景。因此，仍需开展更多研究以填补该领域的文献空白，聚焦于专项运动练习后的姿势摇摆反应研究。进一步的文献分析表明，运动的类型、强度与时长是导致姿势摇摆加剧的关键因素。躯干、颈部与下肢的全身性及局部肌肉疲劳，被认为是影响恢复期初期平衡受损程度及恢复至运动前水平速度的主要因素。其他可能影响姿势稳定性的因素还包括过度通气与感觉运动功能退化，不过肌肉损伤、脱水、体温过高或眩晕等因素的潜在贡献亦不可忽视。相较于普通运动场景，在模拟接近特定专项运动的疲劳诱导条件下开展练习后，深入理解其引发平衡受损的生理机制，有助于设计贴合个体需求的个性化智能运动方案，从而提升对姿势稳定性有高要求的运动员的运动表现，同时降低其运动损伤风险。