为美国电池储能制造业注入活力

近年来，美国太阳能和储能产业面临着供应链和政策方面的各种挑战，其中一些挑战大大减少了部署。虽然美国国能够克服这些挑战，但必须牢记两条重要经验。第一，如果没有一个强大的美国国内制造基地，美国在充分发挥太阳能和储能潜力方面将继续面临障碍。其二，美国过度依赖进口是经济和国家安全的一大隐患。为了美国经济的持续健康发展、全球竞争力和能源安全，必须尽快解决太阳能和储能组件过度依赖进口的问题，并为在美国本土建立强大的太阳能和储能制造基地奠定基础。正如白宫在2021年所承认的那样，储能"提供了一个重要且不断增长的市场，可以支持创造美国就业机会，帮助满足美国的国家安全需求，并使雄心勃勃的气候目标变得触手可及。为了实现这一潜力，美国必须大力投资国内清洁能源制造业，包括支持从原材料生产到最终产品制造的储能供应链。然而，实现这些目标需要平衡的制造业和贸易政策。历史表明，一般来说，关税并没有产生增加美国制造能力的预期效果。在对光伏组件和电池征收关税的案例中，关税限制了美国太阳能的部署，从而降低了对国内制造业投资的可能性。关税也会削弱国内制造业。例如，"301条款"的关税涵盖了来自中国的大部分产品，包括制造设备和各种无法从国外轻易采购的投入品。有资料表明，联邦产业政策可以启动大规模的私营部门投资。美国能源部（DOE）在参考多项调查研究后得出结论认为大量补贴制造业和相关供应链、简化选址和许可程序、投资必要的基础设施、创建劳动力教育和培训计划、确保采购环境条件有利于本国制造商等政策和做法，鼓励了支持能源行业所需的就地制造的发展。从历史上看，联邦政策的重点是激励太阳能和能源储存的部署。然而，随着《通货膨胀削减法》（IRA）的通过，美国通过新的税收减免、赠款、低成本贷款、政府采购、研发支持和公私合作伙伴关系，扩大了联邦激励计划的范围，将国内制造业纳入其中。IRA有可能大大扩展美国的太阳能和储能制造业。在储能方面，IRA为生产电极活性材料、电池单元和电池模块提供激励。

In recent years, the U.S. solar and energy storage industries have faced various supply chain and policy challenges, some of which have significantly curtailed deployment. While the United States can overcome these challenges, two critical lessons must be kept in mind. First, without a robust U.S. domestic manufacturing base, the country will continue to encounter obstacles to fully unlocking the potential of solar and energy storage. Second, the U.S.’s excessive reliance on imports poses a major threat to its economic and national security. To ensure the sustained healthy economic development, global competitiveness and energy security of the United States, it is imperative to promptly address the issue of over-reliance on imported solar and energy storage components, and lay the groundwork for establishing a strong domestic solar and energy storage manufacturing base within the U.S. As acknowledged by the White House in 2021, energy storage "provides an important and growing market that can support the creation of U.S. jobs, help meet U.S. national security needs, and make ambitious climate goals within reach." To realize this potential, the United States must make significant investments in domestic clean energy manufacturing, including supporting the entire energy storage supply chain from raw material production to final product manufacturing. However, achieving these goals requires balanced manufacturing and trade policies. Historical experience shows that, generally, tariffs have not yielded the intended effect of expanding U.S. manufacturing capacity. In the case of tariffs imposed on photovoltaic modules and batteries, such tariffs have restricted U.S. solar deployment, thereby reducing the likelihood of investments in domestic manufacturing. Tariffs also undermine domestic manufacturing. For instance, Section 301 tariffs cover most products imported from China, including manufacturing equipment and various inputs that cannot be easily procured from other countries. Available data indicates that federal industrial policy can catalyze large-scale private sector investment. Following a review of multiple research studies, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) concluded that policies and practices such as providing substantial subsidies for manufacturing and related supply chains, simplifying siting and permitting procedures, investing in necessary infrastructure, launching workforce education and training programs, and ensuring procurement conditions favor domestic manufacturers have encouraged the development of on-site manufacturing required to support the energy sector. Historically, federal policies have focused on incentivizing the deployment of solar and energy storage. However, with the enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), the United States has expanded the scope of federal incentive programs to incorporate domestic manufacturing through new tax credits, grants, low-cost loans, government procurement, R&D support, and public-private partnerships. The IRA has the potential to substantially expand U.S. solar and energy storage manufacturing. Specifically for energy storage, the IRA offers incentives for the production of electrode active materials, battery cells and battery modules.