Table_1_How automation level influences moral decisions of humans collaborating with industrial robots in different scenarios.docx

IntroductionDigitalization in intelligent manufacturing leads to the development of Industry 4.0/5.0 and human-cyber-physical systems. As many production technologies rely on teaming of human workers and intelligent cyber-physical systems such as industrial robots, human-robot collaboration is an intensively investigated topic in this transdisciplinary research area. To design industrial robots in a human-centered way, psychological knowledge concerning judgment and decision-making needs to be gained and integrated.
MethodThis paper reports results from an experimental study (N = 222, 2 × 4 within-subjects design) using eight moral dilemmas framed in the context of human-robot-collaboration to examine the influence of spatial distance of an industrial robot and humans (no direct contact, different tasks vs. no direct contact, same task vs. handing-over contact, same task vs. direct contact, same task) on moral decisions. Additionally, the type of dilemma was varied, with every four dilemmas depicting a life-or-death and an injury scenario. Participants responded on a four-point-response scale which actions they would take indicating deontological or utilitarian moral decision-making.
ResultsResults show a large effect of the proximity of the cooperation between robots and humans. The closer the collaboration the more a human tends to choose utilitarian moral choices.
DiscussionIt is argued that this effect might stem from an adaptation of human rationality to the robot or overreliance and shift of responsibility to the robot team partner.

引言
智能制造的数字化进程推动了工业4.0/5.0与人机信息物理系统（human-cyber-physical systems）的发展。鉴于诸多生产技术均依托人类员工与工业机器人等智能信息物理系统的协同作业，人机协作（human-robot collaboration）已成为该跨学科研究领域的重点研究课题。若要实现以人为中心的工业机器人设计，需获取并整合有关判断与决策的心理学知识。

方法
本文报告了一项实验研究的结果（有效样本量N=222，采用2×4被试内设计（within-subjects design）），以人机协作场景为框架设置了8个道德两难情境，用以探究工业机器人与人类的空间距离（无直接接触、任务不同；无直接接触、任务相同；交接接触、任务相同；直接接触、任务相同）对道德决策的影响。此外，两难情境的类型亦有所区分，每4个情境分别对应生死场景与受伤场景。参与者通过四点量表作答，表明自身会采取的行动倾向，以此体现其义务论（deontological）或功利主义（utilitarian）的道德决策取向。

结果
研究结果显示，人机协作的亲近程度对道德决策存在显著的大型效应：协作距离越近，个体越倾向于做出功利主义的道德选择。

讨论
本研究认为，该效应可能源于人类理性对机器人的适配，或是因过度依赖机器人协作伙伴而将责任转移至其身上。