山胡椒種原蒐集、精油品系遺傳分型與分子鑑定Germplasm collection, molecular genotyping and identification of essential oil composition of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon

山胡椒（ Litsea cubeba L.Persoon）為樟科木薑子屬常綠灌木或小喬木，全株包含果實及樹葉皆具有特殊的芳香氣味，長久以來為原住民傳統調味食品。除了用於調味外，山胡椒自古以來為民間傳統用藥，具有優良的醫藥用價值，而山胡椒果實精油具有獨特芳香，因此大量使用於香水與化妝品產業。山胡椒可謂全身是寶，是用途十分廣泛的多功能植物，具有經濟開發價值。為瞭解臺灣不同地區山胡椒果實及葉片精油含油率以及其精油主要成分間的差異，本研究針對不同地區的山胡椒分別進行果實與葉片樣本採集。樣本以水蒸餾法進行精油萃取，並分別計算其精油收率。利用氣相層析質譜儀（Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry;GC-MS)分析精油主要成分，以了解不同地區的山胡椒其精油成分是否具有歧異性。除了分析精油成分之外，本研究也利用ISSR分子標誌技術進行分析，以了解不同地區山胡椒族群間的遺傳歧異度。由分析結果來看，不同地區的山胡椒果實及葉片，其精油收率有明顯差異。在葉片精油收率部分，不同地區的山胡椒葉片精油收率由0.17~3.99%不等。在果實精油部分，不同地區的山胡椒果實精油收率也有明顯的差異(3.48~7.57%)。果實精油成分分析結果顯示不同地區的山胡椒果實精油其主要成分都是檸檬醛(Citral) (香葉醛Geranial 和橙花醛Neral 的總和)(56.64~89.97%)和檸檬烯(Limonene)(1.72~17.08%)。二者的總和佔果實精油總成分的73.73~88.71%。在葉片精油成分部份，分析結果顯示，不同地區的山胡椒葉片精油其主要成分都是桉油醇(Eucalyptol) (44.25~58.32%)和檜烯(Sabinene) (11.67~14.72%)。此二個主要成分的總和佔葉片精油總成分的56.96~73.04%。本研究分析結果顯示臺灣原生的山胡椒具有開發潛力。這些研究成果可做為後續進行山胡椒優良品系選育以及推廣利用的參考。 Litsea cubeba Pers. (LC) is a deciduous bush or small tree mostly distributed in the East Asia region. It is a precious aromatic plant with multiple functions. In this study, leaves and fruits of LC were collected from different regions of Taiwan. Essential oils (EOs) of collected sample were obtained by hydro-distillation method and the oil yield was calculated. The compounds of EOs were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess the differences in EO compositions of LC collected from different parts of Taiwan. In addition to analyzing the essential oil components, ISSR DNA marker were used to estimate the genetic diversity among populations of LC. The results of analysis indicated the yields of EOs in both fruits and leaves were significantly different between regions. Yield of LC Leaf EOs from different regions ranged from 0.17 to 3.99%, meanwhile, yield of LC fruit EOs ranged from 3.48 to7.57%. Although EOs yields and relative content of EOs chemical components varied on origins of LC leaves and fruits, the dominant components of LC leaf and fruit EOs from different areas were the same. LC fruit EOs were mainly represented by citral (sum of geranial and neral, 56.64~89.97%) and Limonene (1.72~17.08%).The sum of the two main components (citral and limonene) accounted for 73.73 ~ 88.71% of the total EO of LC fruits. The dominant components of LC leaft EOs were eucalyptol (44.25~58.32%) and sabinene (11.67~14.72%). The sum of the two main components (eucalyptol and sabinine) accounted for 73.73 ~ 88.71% of the total EO of LC leaves. The results of this study indicated the potential of Taiwan's native LC for further industrial development. These investigations would provide information for future breeding programs and industrial application of LC.

山胡椒（Litsea cubeba L.Persoon）为樟科木姜子属常绿灌木或小乔木，全株（含果实与叶片）均具有特殊芳香气味，长期以来作为原住民传统调味食材使用。除调味外，山胡椒自古便是民间传统药用植物，具备优异的医药价值；其果实精油香气独特，因而被大量应用于香水与化妆品产业，堪称浑身是宝的多功能经济植物，具有较高的经济开发价值。为探明台湾不同地区山胡椒果实与叶片的精油含油率及其主要成分差异，本研究采集了台湾多个地区的山胡椒果实与叶片样本。采用水蒸气蒸馏法萃取样本中的精油并计算得率，借助气相色谱-质谱联用仪（Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry; GC-MS）分析精油主要成分，以探究不同地区山胡椒的精油成分是否存在差异。除精油成分分析外，本研究还运用ISSR分子标记技术，分析不同地区山胡椒种群间的遗传多样性。分析结果显示，不同地区山胡椒的果实与叶片精油得率均存在显著差异：叶片精油得率区间为0.17%~3.99%，果实精油得率区间为3.48%~7.57%。果实精油成分分析表明，不同地区山胡椒果实精油的主要成分均为柠檬醛（Citral，即香叶醛Geranial与橙花醛Neral的总和，占比56.64%~89.97%）与柠檬烯（Limonene，占比1.72%~17.08%），二者总占比可达73.73%~88.71%。叶片精油成分分析则显示，不同地区山胡椒叶片精油的主要成分均为桉油醇（Eucalyptol，占比44.25%~58.32%）与桧烯（Sabinene，占比11.67%~14.72%），二者总占比为56.96%~73.04%。尽管不同地区山胡椒的精油得率与化学成分相对含量存在地域差异，但各地区山胡椒的果实与叶片精油的优势成分均保持一致。本研究结果证实，台湾原生山胡椒具备极高的产业开发潜力，相关研究成果可为后续山胡椒优良品系选育与产业化推广应用提供重要参考依据。