Annual population counts at selected Adelie Penguin colonies within the AAT

This indicator is no longer maintained, and is considered OBSOLETE.INDICATOR DEFINITIONBreeding populations of Adelie penguins at Davis, Mawson and Casey (including Shirley Island and Whitney Point).TYPE OF INDICATORThere are three types of indicators used in this report:1. Describes the CONDITION of important elements of a system;2. Show the extent of the major PRESSURES exerted on a system;3. Determine RESPONSES to either condition or changes in the condition of a system.This indicator is one of: CONDITIONRATIONALE FOR INDICATOR SELECTIONThe breeding population of Adelie penguins is related to resource availability (nesting space and food), behavioural mechanisms (immigration/emigration and breeding effort/success) in addition to climate change and human impacts (fisheries, tourism, pollution, disturbance). Monitoring these colonies and interpretation of the data provides information on changes in the Antarctic ecosystem.DESIGN AND STRATEGY FOR INDICATOR MONITORING PROGRAMSpatial scale: Colonies near Australian Stations -Casey (lat 66 deg 16' 54.5" S, long 110 deg 31' 39.4" E)Davis (lat 68 deg 34' 35.8" S, long 77 deg 58' 02.6" E)Mawson (lat 67 deg 36' 09.7" S, long 62 deg 52' 25.7" E)All colonies on -Shirley Island (lat 66 deg 16' 55.9" S, long 110 deg 29' 17.9" E) andWhitney Point (lat 66 deg 15' 08.6" S, long 110 deg 31' 40.1" E)Frequency: Annual surveys at Shirley Island and Whitney Point. Other colonies every 2-3 years, depending on logistical constraints.Measurement technique: Each colony is visited and all breeding birds are counted from the ground by two or three personnel performing replicate counts. Supplementary census data are obtained from oblique ground and aerial photographs. All breeding adults in a colony are counted.Considerations regarding disturbance associated with census visits are also incorporated into monitoring strategies. The lack of annual census data for some colonies does not reduce the value of these long-term monitoring programmes.RESEARCH ISSUESAdelie Penguin populations throughout East Antarctica have shown sustained, long-term increases for the past 30 or more years; in contrast, populations elsewhere around the Antarctic and on the Antarctic Peninsula have exhibited decreases or no clear long-term trends (Woehler et al. 2001). Greater coverage of colonies throughout the AAT would provide a more accurate estimate of the total annual breeding population in East Antarctica. In addition to basic inventory requirements, data on the population trends would contribute to a better understanding of the role of Adelie penguins in the Antarctic ecosystem, and provide managers with feedback or management strategies.LINKS TO OTHER INDICATORS

本指标已停止维护，被认定为过时（OBSOLETE）。

指标定义
戴维斯（Davis）、莫森（Mawson）和凯西（Casey）地区（含雪莉岛与惠特尼角）的阿德利企鹅繁殖种群数量。

指标类型
本报告使用三类指标：
1. 描述系统关键要素的状态（CONDITION）；
2. 展示系统所承受主要压力（PRESSURES）的程度；
3. 确定针对系统状态或状态变化的响应（RESPONSES）。

本指标属于：状态类。

指标选取依据
阿德利企鹅的繁殖种群数量与资源可获得性（筑巢空间及食物）、行为机制（迁入/迁出及繁殖投入/成功率）相关，同时受气候变化与人类活动影响（渔业、旅游、污染、干扰）。监测这些种群并解读数据，可揭示南极生态系统的变化信息。

指标监测方案设计与策略
空间尺度：澳大利亚科考站附近的种群 -
凯西（南纬66°16′54.5″，东经110°31′39.4″）
戴维斯（南纬68°34′35.8″，东经77°58′02.6″）
莫森（南纬67°36′09.7″，东经62°52′25.7″）

雪莉岛与惠特尼角上的所有种群 -
雪莉岛（南纬66°16′55.9″，东经110°29′17.9″）和惠特尼角（南纬66°15′08.6″，东经110°31′40.1″）

频率：雪莉岛与惠特尼角每年开展一次调查。其他种群每2-3年调查一次，具体取决于后勤条件限制。

测量方法：实地走访每个种群，由2-3名人员进行重复计数，从地面统计所有繁殖期成鸟数量。补充调查数据来自倾斜地面照片及航空照片。种群内所有繁殖期成鸟均被纳入计数范围。

监测策略中还纳入了关于调查访问所致干扰的考量。部分种群缺乏年度调查数据，并不降低这些长期监测项目的价值。

研究问题
过去30余年，整个东南极洲的阿德利企鹅种群数量呈持续长期增长趋势；而南极其他地区及南极半岛的种群数量则呈下降或无明显长期趋势（Woehler等，2001）。扩大对南极条约区（AAT）内所有种群的覆盖范围，可更准确估算东南极洲年度繁殖种群总数。除基础调查需求外，种群趋势数据有助于深化对阿德利企鹅在南极生态系统中作用的理解，并为管理者提供反馈或管理策略依据。

与其他指标的关联