Avaliação da eqüidade da Previdência no meio rural do Brasil

This paper evaluates the equality of the Brazilian system of pensions paid in rural areas during the 1990s. The equality implies equal access to the social security benefits, regardless ethnic, sex and education differences among retired persons. Basing on 1988 Federal Constitution, Laws 8,212 and 8,213, both from 1991, have instituted the old age pension equal to one minimum wage for men (60 years or older) and for women (55 years or older) if they can prove they were rural workers. These old citizens can retire without any contribution to the social security system. The new norms were important in rural areas because they guarantee equal rights among men and women and increased the value of pensions. Using 1992, 1996 and 1999 PNAD microdatas organized in tables, this paper pointed out that the social security system contributed for the per capita income growth of elderly retired people who lives in rural areas, without enlarging the income distribution inequality. PNAD microdatas organized in tables also indicate that males, white people, and those with higher formal education had an easier access to pension than females, black people and those with lower formal education. These results were confirmed by the Probit model estimated. The paper finishes with some suggestions to improve the equality of pensions paid in rural areas.

本文评估了20世纪90年代巴西农村地区养老金制度的平等性。此处的平等性指社会保障福利的平等获取权，无论退休人员的种族、性别及教育程度差异如何。基于1988年联邦宪法，1991年颁布的第8212号和第8213号法律规定，若男性（60岁及以上）和女性（55岁及以上）能够证明其曾为农村劳动者，则可获得相当于最低工资标准的养老金。这些老年人无需向社会保障体系缴纳任何费用即可退休。这些新规在农村地区意义重大，因其保障了男女平等权利，并提高了养老金金额。利用1992年、1996年及1999年整理为表格形式的PNAD微观数据，本文指出，社会保障制度推动了农村地区老年退休人员的人均收入增长，且未加剧收入分配不平等。整理为表格的PNAD微观数据还显示，男性、白人及正规教育程度较高者比女性、黑人及正规教育程度较低者更易获得养老金。这些结果经Probit模型（Probit model）估计验证。本文最后提出了若干改善农村地区养老金平等性的建议。