STYLISTIC MECHANISMS IN THE FORMATION OF DYSPHEMISMS

Dysphemism refers to the choice of an expression that is intentionally harsh, derogatory, or socially marked in comparison with a neutral or euphemistic alternative. While dysphemisms are often treated as “rude words,” they are more accurately understood as stylistically motivated constructions whose negative force is produced by a set of semantic, pragmatic, and rhetorical mechanisms. This article provides a detailed account of key stylistic devices involved in dysphemism formation and use: metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, irony/sarcasm, taboo and vulgar register, pejorative morphology, word-formation strategies, sound symbolism, allusion, and euphemism inversion. For each mechanism, the paper explains (i) the linguistic process, (ii) the pragmatic function (e.g., insult, humiliation, dismissal, social domination, emotional discharge), and (iii) common discourse environments. The analysis demonstrates that dysphemism is not a fixed property of a word alone, but an interactional outcome shaped by intention, context, and evaluative framing.贬损式措辞（Dysphemism）指相较于中性或委婉的替代表达，故意选用尖锐、贬损或带有社会标记性表达的语言行为。尽管贬损式措辞常被视作"粗鄙之语"，但更准确的理解是，其为受文体风格驱动的修辞建构，负面语义效力源自一系列语义、语用及修辞机制。本文详细阐述了贬损式措辞生成与使用过程中涉及的核心文体手段：隐喻（metaphor）、转喻（metonymy）、夸张（hyperbole）、反讽/讽刺（irony/sarcasm）、禁忌语与粗俗语体（taboo and vulgar register）、贬斥性词形变化（pejorative morphology）、构词策略（word-formation strategies）、语音象征（sound symbolism）、用典（allusion）以及委婉语倒置（euphemism inversion）。针对每一种机制，本文分别阐释了（i）其语言运作过程，（ii）语用功能（如侮辱、羞辱、贬斥、社会支配以及情绪宣泄），以及（iii）常见的话语语境。本分析表明，贬损式措辞并非单个词汇的固有属性，而是由意图、语境与评价框架（evaluative framing）共同塑造的互动性结果。