S2 Data -

Western honeybee populations, Apis mellifera, in Europe have been known to survive infestations of the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, by means of natural selection. Proposed mechanisms in literature have been focused on the management of this parasite, however literature remains scare on the differences in viral ecology between colonies that have adapted to V. destructor and those that are consistently treated for it. Samples were collected from both a mite-surviving and a sympatric mite-susceptible honeybee population in Norway. The prevalence and abundances of 10 viruses, vectored by the parasite or not, were investigated in adult host workers and pupae as well as in V. destructor mites. Here we show that the mite-vectored Deformed wing virus (DWV-A) is often lower in both abundance and prevalence in the mite-surviving population in tandem with lower phoretic mite infestations compared to the mite susceptible population. However, the non-mite-vectored Black queen cell virus (BQCV), had both a higher abundance and prevalence in the mite-surviving population compared to the susceptible population. The data therefore suggest that general adaptations to virus infections may be unlikely to explain colony survival. Instead, mechanisms suppressing mite reproduction and therefore the impact seem to be more important.

欧洲西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）种群已被证实可通过自然选择抵御狄斯瓦螨（Varroa destructor）的侵染。现有文献中针对该寄生虫的防控机制研究较为集中，但关于适应狄斯瓦螨的蜂群与持续进行螨害防治的蜂群之间的病毒生态学差异的研究仍较为匮乏。本研究从挪威的两个同域种群中采集样本：一个为抗螨存活种群，另一个为螨害易感种群。研究调查了10种病毒（无论是否由该螨介导传播）在成年工蜂、蛹以及狄斯瓦螨体内的流行率与丰度。结果显示：与螨害易感种群相比，抗螨存活种群中由螨传播的变形翼病毒A型（Deformed wing virus A, DWV-A）的丰度与流行率均更低，同时其携播螨寄生率也更低。但非螨传的黑蜂王台病毒（Black queen cell virus, BQCV）在抗螨存活种群中的丰度与流行率均高于易感种群。因此本研究数据表明，针对病毒感染的广谱适应性或许无法解释蜂群的抗螨存活能力，相反，抑制螨繁殖从而降低其危害的机制似乎更为关键。