Unveiling Insensitive High-Nitrogen Energetic Materials: Fabrication of Pyrimidine via Bridging and Self-Assembly

The development of insensitive high-energy-density materials
(IHEMs)
without compromising their performance remains a significant challenge
for energetic materials chemists worldwide. In this study, a straightforward
bridging approach and a much-underexplored self-assembly approach
were employed to synthesize a series of novel energetic compounds
with exceptional properties, including high densities (1.80–1.92
g cm–3), excellent thermal stability (190–278
°C), and outstanding detonation performance (VOD: 8388–9496
m s–1; DP: 28.26–37.60 GPa). These materials
also exhibit remarkable insensitivity to impact (>25 J) and friction
(>288 N). Among them, compound 5 demonstrates superior
physicochemical and energetic characteristics, making it a promising
alternative to HMX and FOX-7 and recently reported compounds 2,4,6-triamino-5-nitropyrimidine-1,3-dioxide
(ICM-102) and 3,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone (IHEM-1).
This study underscores the exceptional potential of self-assembly
and bridging strategies in designing advanced IHEMs, offering enhanced
synthetic feasibility and scalability for next-generation advanced
energetic materials.

在不牺牲综合性能的前提下开发不敏感高能量密度材料（insensitive high-energy-density materials，IHEMs），仍是全球含能材料领域化学家面临的重大挑战。本研究采用简便桥联法与鲜有报道的自组装法，合成了一系列性能优异的新型含能化合物。该系列化合物具备多项突出性能：高密度（1.80~1.92 g·cm⁻³）、优异热稳定性（190~278 ℃）以及出色的爆轰性能（爆速VOD：8388~9496 m·s⁻¹；爆压DP：28.26~37.60 GPa）。此外，该系列材料还展现出优异的抗撞击（>25 J）与抗摩擦（>288 N）不敏感性。其中，化合物5展现出更优异的物理化学与含能特性，有望作为奥克托今（HMX）、1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7）以及近期报道的2,4,6-三氨基-5-硝基嘧啶-1,3-二氧化物（ICM-102）和3,5-二氨基-6-羟基-2-氧化物-4-硝基嘧啶酮（IHEM-1）的替代材料。本研究凸显了自组装与桥联策略在设计先进不敏感高能量密度材料中的巨大潜力，为下一代先进含能材料提供了更优的合成可行性与可放大性。