POLARIS: A High-contrast Polarimetric Imaging Benchmark Dataset for Exoplanetary Disk Representation Learning

The POLARIS dataset is built from a decade of polarimetric observations (2014–2024) conducted with the SPHERE instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Specifically, it includes all public polarized light observations obtained using the IRDIS instrument, retrieved from the ESO Science Archive. These raw observations were uniformly preprocessed using a modified version of the IRDAP pipeline to generate high-quality Polarimetric Differential Imaging (PDI) products. The dataset consists of three main components: 96 labeled PDI-postprocessed polarimetric images (1024 × 1024 pixels), each annotated as either a target (with circumstellar disk structures) or a reference (with no detectable disk structures). This subset is approximately 3.18 GB in size. 813 unlabeled PDI-postprocessed polarimetric images, each derived from sequences of preprocessed exposures in total intensity light ( 2014-2023) . These samples are also annotated with vegetation indices and land-use metadata. This component occupies approximately GB. The PDI-postprocessed polarimetric images for 2024 will be updated soon with new version. There will be total 921 unlabeld polarized data. 206 RDI preprocessed exposure sequences used for downstream imputation, each corresponding to a labeled reference and composed of the original preprocessed exposures in total intensity light. The data is organized by year, with each archive file named according to its corresponding year. Each sequence contains 4n images (where n is the number of exposure cycles), with a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels per frame. This component totals approximately 38 GB (2014-2024). All preprocessed exposure sequences, spanning 2014–2024, consist of $4n$ images per sequence (where $n$ is the number of exposure cycles), with each frame at a resolution of $1024 \times 1024$ pixels. The data are annotated with vegetation indices and land-use metadata. Due to its large volume (exceeding 300 GB), it is hosted via the following permanent Dropbox link for convenient access: \href{https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/5bgfwb7d5gozo6k6pl5rc/AGJkkHLPGUIVlDRXssSAZpQ?rlkey=j0vm2xkbl0imgfvbcuba8e6lr&st=6ij3n0wz&dl=0}{Dropbox (POLARIS exposures)}. All files are provided in standard .fits format, following astronomical data conventions. The labeled PDI images support supervised learning tasks such as classification or domain adaptation, while the exposure sequences and unlabeled samples enable studies in imputation, denoising, self-supervised learning, or contrastive representation learning. The dataset will continue to expand as additional SPHERE observations are released to the public.POLARIS数据集基于甚大望远镜（Very Large Telescope, VLT）搭载的SPHERE仪器开展的十年（2014–2024）偏振观测数据构建而成。具体而言，数据集收录了所有通过IRDIS仪器获取的公开偏振光观测数据，这些数据均从欧洲南方天文台（ESO）科学档案库中检索得到。所有原始观测数据均经过基于IRDAP流程改进的统一预处理流程，以生成高质量的偏振差分成像（Polarimetric Differential Imaging, PDI）产品。 该数据集包含三大核心组成部分： 1. 96张带标注的PDI后处理偏振图像（分辨率为1024 × 1024像素），每张图像均被标注为目标样本（存在星周盘结构）或参考样本（无可检测到的盘结构）。该子集总容量约为3.18 GB。 2. 813张无标注PDI后处理偏振图像，每张图像均源自2014–2023年总强度光下的预处理曝光序列。此类样本同时附带植被指数与土地利用元数据。该组件总占用空间约为 GB。2024年的PDI后处理偏振图像将很快更新至新版本，届时无标注偏振数据总数将达到921份。 3. 206个用于下游补全任务的RDI预处理曝光序列，每个序列对应一个带标注的参考样本，由总强度光下的原始预处理曝光组成。数据按年份组织，每个归档文件均以其对应的年份命名。每个序列包含4n张图像（其中n为曝光循环次数），单帧分辨率为1024 × 1024像素。该组件总容量约为38 GB，覆盖2014–2024年。 所有覆盖2014–2024年的预处理曝光序列，每条序列均包含4n张图像（n为曝光循环次数），单帧分辨率为1024 × 1024像素。此类数据附带植被指数与土地利用元数据。由于其总数据量超过300 GB，我们通过以下永久Dropbox链接提供便捷访问：https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/5bgfwb7d5gozo6k6pl5rc/AGJkkHLPGUIVlDRXssSAZpQ?rlkey=j0vm2xkbl0imgfvbcuba8e6lr&st=6ij3n0wz&dl=0（POLARIS曝光数据）。 所有文件均遵循天文数据标准规范，采用标准.fits格式存储。带标注的PDI图像可支持分类、域自适应等监督学习任务，而曝光序列与无标注样本则可用于补全、去噪、自监督学习或对比表征学习等相关研究。随着更多SPHERE观测数据公开，该数据集将持续扩容。