Uttar Pradesh and Bihar Survey of Living Conditions 1997-1998 - India

Abstract
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A two-part study of rural poverty was carried out in 1997-98 in south and eastern Uttar Pradesh and north and central Bihar. This study utilized both qualitative methods - rapid rural appraisal (RRA) & participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methodologies, and semi-structured interviews - as well as quantitative methods drawing on data collected from household and community surveys modelled after the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys.

The data being distributed are from the quantitative component of the study, field work for which was carried out between December 1997 and March 1998. Data were collected through household and village-level questionnaires in 120 villages drawn from a sample of 25 districts in UP and Bihar states; a total of 2,250 households were interviewed during the course of the survey (more details on distribution of the sample are provided in the sampling section of this note). Of the sample of 120 villages where the household and village surveys were conducted, 30 had been visited in the earlier qualitative component of the study, while the remaining 90 were drawn at random from the sample districts.

Geographic coverage
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The survey covered south and eastern Uttar Pradesh and north and central Bihar.

Analysis unit
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- Households
- Individuals
- Community

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Sampling Information:

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, the two states selected for the study, are divided into 8 statistical regions: 5 in Uttar Pradesh (Himalayan, Western, Central, Eastern, and Southern) and 3 in Bihar(Southern, Northern, and Central).

Sampling Universe:

The universe for the study comprised 4 statistical regions: 2 in Uttar Pradesh (Eastern and Southern), and 2 in Bihar (Northern and Central). Altogether, there were 55 districts in the area covered by the study: 24 districts in the 2 statistical regions in Uttar Pradesh, and 31 districts in the 2 statistical regions covered in Bihar.

In the first phase of the project, qualitative field work was carried out in 30 villages: 3 villages each from 4 districts in Bihar (Mungher, Jehanabad, Saharsa, and Vaishali), and 6 villages each from 3 districts in Uttar Pradesh (Banda, Allahabad, and Gorakhpur).

Sampling Strategy:

The sampling strategy followed for the quantitative study basically involved dividing the sample population into four main strata:
1) districts that were covered in the qualitative study in Bihar (i.e. 4 districts)
2) districts that were covered in the qualitative study in Uttar Pradesh (i.e. 3 districts)
3) remaining districts in the 2 selected regions of Bihar (i.e. 27 districts)
4) remaining districts in the 2 selected regions of Uttar Pradesh (i.e. 21 districts)

All 12 villages in Stratum 1 that were covered in the qualitative study were included in the sample. Similarly, all 18 villages in Stratum 2 that were covered in the qualitative study were included in the sample. In each of these 30 villages, 30 households each were picked at random for the survey.

In stratums 3 and 4, 45 villages each were selected for the survey. A two-step procedure was used to select villages in these two strata: first, 9 districts were selected in each stratum using PPS. In each of the 9 districts, 5 villages were then selected at the second stage, again using PPS. In each of these 90 villages altogether, 15 households each were selected for the survey.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The household questionnaire comprised ten main sections, and collected information on:

SECTION 1. HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION
This section has three main purposes. The first purpose is to identify all persons who are members of the household. The second is to provide basic demographic information (i.e. age, sex, marital status) for each person. The third is to collect information on the main sources of income for the household, as well as identify the main breadwinner in the household. Section 1 is divided into two parts: Part A: Household Roster and Part B: Sources of Livelihood.

SECTION 2. ACTIVITIES
This section gathers information on economic activities undertaken by members of the household. Detailed questions are included on activities in the wage sectors -- casual wage employment, long-term wage employment in agriculture, and salaried employment. Additional information is also collected on non-farm self employment --activities in both large and very small business, trade, and manufacturing enterprises.

SECTION 3. HOUSING AND ACCESS TO FACILITIES
This section collects information in three areas: the type of dwelling occupied by the household, access to basic services (water, sanitation, and electricity), and access to various facilities providing services

SECTION 4. EDUCATION
This section collects information on the following:
(i) use of child development (for example, anganwadi/balwadi) and early childhood education programs for children aged 0-6 years;
(ii) formal schooling for children and young adults (6 to 19 years old) and expenses on education incurred during the past 12 months for those currently in school;
Literacy of household members - i.e. which persons in the household can read and write - and educational attainment for each person - i.e. the highest level of schooling completed - are covered in the roster.

SECTION 5. HEALTH
This section gathers information on the following:
(a) Illness and injuries among all household members in the past year which have made it difficult for the person to perform their normal activities for at least a week (i.e. working, attending school, etc.)
(b) Immunizations received since birth by children aged 5 years or less.
(c) Incidence of diarrhea during the past 30 days for all children aged 5 years or less.

SECTION 6. MARRIAGE AND MATERNITY HISTORY
This section collects information on:
(a) maternity history from female household members aged 15 - 45 years, and
(b) pre-natal and post-natal care from women who had a child in the last three years, and
(c) perceptions amongst women about their role as members of the household and community.

SECTION 7. FOOD EXPENSES AND HOME PRODUCTION
This section collects information on the household's total expenditure on food of various types, including an estimate of the value of home produced or home-grown food consumed by the household. It also is used to estimate food consumed that was received as payment in-kind, i.e. as remuneration for work done on someone else's farm, as gifts, or as presents from relatives and/or friends. In addition, respondents are asked about the ownership of household durable stocks.

SECTION 8. VULNERABILITY
This section collects information on the following:
(i) food availability throughout the year and use of the Public Distribution System (PDS - Fair price shops);
(ii) loans outstanding or contracted over the past 12 months;
(iii) receipts from safety net programs.

SECTION 9. FARMING AND LIVESTOCK
The purpose of this section is to collect information on the household's agricultural assets as well as some data on farming practices followed by the household.
Landholding: land owned, land operated, and irrigation
Crop production and use of fertilizer
Ownership of livestock
Ownership of farming assets

SECTION 10. REMITTANCES AND TRANSFERS RECEIVED
This section aims to capture the flow of remittances and transfers into the household.

The village questionnaire comprised seven sections covering (1) village characteristics, including size, caste composition and political structure, (2) access to facilities and services, (3)agriculture, irrigation and forestry, (4) employment and migration, (5) anti-poverty programs and organizations, and (6) changes over time, and (7) visits to facilities including the angawadi center, primary schools, health posts, and the PDS fair price shop.

摘要
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1997-98年间，在乌塔普拉德什南部和东部以及比哈尔北部和中部进行了两项关于农村贫困的研究。本研究采用了定性和定量方法，包括快速农村评估（RRA）与参与式农村评估（PRA）方法以及半结构化访谈，并基于世界银行的生活水平衡量研究（LSMS）调查数据。所提供的数据来自研究的定量部分，该部分的实地工作于1997年12月至1998年3月进行。数据通过来自乌塔普拉德什和比哈尔两州25个区的120个村庄的户级和村级问卷进行收集；在调查过程中共访谈了2,250户家庭（样本分布的详细信息请参阅本笔记的抽样部分）。在120个进行户级和村级调查的样本村庄中，有30个村庄在研究的前期定性部分已被访问，其余90个村庄则从样本区中随机抽取。
地理覆盖范围
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该调查覆盖了乌塔普拉德什南部和东部以及比哈尔北部和中部。
分析单元
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- 家庭
- 个人
- 社区
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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抽样信息：
乌塔普拉德什和比哈尔，作为研究选择的两个州，被划分为8个统计区域：乌塔普拉德什5个（喜马拉雅、西部、中部、东部和南部）和比哈尔3个（南部、北部和中部）。
抽样总体：
研究的总体包括4个统计区域：乌塔普拉德什2个（东部和南部），比哈尔2个（北部和中部）。总共覆盖了55个区：乌塔普拉德什的2个统计区域有24个区，比哈尔的2个统计区域有31个区。
项目第一阶段，在比哈尔的30个村庄进行了定性实地工作：比哈尔4个区的3个村庄（蒙格尔、贾汉阿巴德、萨哈拉萨和瓦什利），以及乌塔普拉德什3个区的6个村庄（班达、阿拉哈巴德和戈拉克普尔）。
抽样策略：
定量研究的抽样策略基本上涉及将样本人口分为四个主要层次：
1) 比哈尔定性研究中覆盖的区（即4个区）
2) 乌塔普拉德什定性研究中覆盖的区（即3个区）
3) 两个选定区域比哈尔的剩余区（即27个区）
4) 两个选定区域乌塔普拉德什的剩余区（即21个区）
定性研究涵盖的第1层中的12个村庄全部纳入样本。同样，定性研究涵盖的第2层中的18个村庄也全部纳入样本。在这30个村庄中的每一个，都随机选择了30户家庭进行调查。
在第3层和第4层中，各选择了45个村庄进行调查。在这两个层次中，采用了两步选择村庄的程序：首先，在每个层次中，使用概率比例抽样（PPS）选择了9个区。在每个区中，然后在第二阶段，再次使用PPS选择了5个村庄。在每个总共90个村庄中，每个村庄选择了15户家庭进行调查。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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家庭问卷包括十个主要部分，收集了以下信息：
第1节. 家庭信息
本节有三个主要目的。第一个目的是识别所有家庭成员。第二个目的是为每个人提供基本的人口统计学信息（即年龄、性别、婚姻状况）。第三个目的是收集关于家庭主要收入来源的信息，以及确定家庭的主要养家糊口者。第1节分为两部分：A部分：家庭名单和B部分：生计来源。
第2节. 活动
本节收集了关于家庭成员从事的经济活动的信息。包括工资部门活动的问题，如临时工资就业、农业中的长期工资就业和薪金就业。还收集了关于非农自营职业的信息，包括大企业和非常小企业、贸易和制造业企业的活动。
第3节. 住房和设施接入
本节收集了以下三个领域的信息：家庭居住的住房类型、基本服务（水、卫生和电力）的接入，以及提供服务的各种设施的接入。
第4节. 教育
本节收集了以下信息：
（i）0-6岁儿童的儿童发展（例如，anganwadi/balwadi）和早期儿童教育项目的使用情况；
（ii）6至19岁儿童和青少年的正规学校教育以及过去12个月中正在学校就读的学生所承担的教育费用；
家庭成员的识字率——即家庭中哪些人能读写——以及每个人的教育成就——即完成的最高的教育水平——在名单中进行了涵盖。
第5节. 健康
本节收集了以下信息：
（a）过去一年中所有家庭成员的疾病和伤害，这些疾病和伤害使个人难以至少一周内执行其正常活动（即工作、上学等）；
（b）5岁或以下儿童自出生以来的疫苗接种情况；
（c）过去30天内5岁或以下所有儿童腹泻的发生率。
第6节. 婚姻和生育史
本节收集以下信息：
（a）15至45岁女性家庭成员的生育史；
（b）在过去三年内有孩子的妇女的产前和产后护理；
（c）妇女对其作为家庭和社区成员角色的看法。
第7节. 食物支出和居家生产
本节收集关于家庭对各种类型食物的总支出的信息，包括对家庭消费的自产或自种食物价值的估计。它还用于估计作为他人土地上劳动报酬、礼物或亲戚/朋友赠送的实物支付的食物消费。此外，受访者还被问及家庭耐用消费品的拥有情况。
第8节. 易受伤害性
本节收集以下信息：
（i）全年食物可用性和公共分配系统（PDS - 公平价格商店）的使用情况；
（ii）过去12个月内未偿还或签订的贷款；
（iii）安全网项目的收入。
第9节. 农业和畜牧业
本节旨在收集关于家庭农业资产的信息，以及家庭遵循的一些农业实践数据。
土地所有权：拥有的土地、经营的土地和灌溉
作物生产和化肥的使用
畜牧业所有权
农业资产所有权
第10节. 收到的汇款和转移
本节旨在捕捉汇款和转移进入家庭的情况。
村庄问卷包括七个部分，涵盖（1）村庄特征，包括规模、种姓构成和政治结构；（2）设施和服务接入；（3）农业、灌溉和林业；（4）就业和移民；（5）反贫困项目和机构；（6）时间变化；（7）访问设施，包括angawadi中心、小学、卫生站和PDS公平价格商店。