First Comprehensive List of Non-native Species Established in the United States of America, Segregated by Major Regions

Harm caused by invasive species in the U.S. has been conservatively estimated at $120B annually, or four times the average annual cost of all severe weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and tornados. Invasive species are a subset of non-native species, and knowing what species are non-native to a region is a first step to managing invasive species. People have been compiling non-native and invasive species lists ever since these species have been causing harm, yet national non-native species lists are not universal, nor common. Non-native species lists serve diverse purposes: watch lists for preventing invasions, inventory and monitoring lists for research and modeling, regulatory lists for species control, and nonregulatory lists for raising awareness. This diversity of purpose and the lists’ variation in geographic scope make compiling comprehensive lists of established (naturalized) species for large regions difficult. However, listing what species are non-native (or alien) in an area helps measure Essential Biodiversity Variables for invasive species monitoring and mount an effective response to established non-native species. We reviewed 1,1674 resources to compile a non-native species list for 3 large areas of the United States: Alaska (AK), Hawaii (HI), and the conterminous lower 48 States (L48). The list contains 11,3441 unique names: 598 taxa for AK, 5,8485 for HI, and 6,6753 for the L48. The list is publicly available from the Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity and updated in an ongoing manner as non-native species become established in, or are eliminated from, the United States. It has been used to annotate non-native species occurrence records in the USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON, https://bison.usgs.gov), an all- species mapping application.

美国外来入侵物种（Invasive Species）造成的危害经保守估算，每年可达1200亿美元，相当于飓风、洪水、龙卷风等各类极端天气事件年均总成本的四倍。外来入侵物种是外来物种（Non-native Species）的一个子类，明确某一区域内的外来物种构成，是开展入侵物种管理的首要环节。自外来物种造成危害以来，科研人员便一直在编制外来物种与外来入侵物种名录，但全美统一的外来物种名录既未得到普及，也并不常见。外来物种名录的应用场景多样：可作为防范物种入侵的预警名录、用于科研与建模的清查监测名录、用于物种管控的监管名录，以及用于提升公众认知的非监管名录。名录的功能多样性与地理覆盖范围的差异，使得为大型区域编制完整的已定殖（归化）物种名录极具挑战。然而，明确某一区域内的外来（或外来归化）物种名录，有助于测算入侵物种监测所需的核心生物多样性变量（Essential Biodiversity Variables），并对已定殖的外来物种采取有效防控措施。本研究梳理了11674份参考文献，为美国三大区域编制了外来物种名录：阿拉斯加州（AK）、夏威夷州（HI）以及本土毗邻的下48州（L48）。该名录共包含113441个唯一物种名称：阿拉斯加州有598个分类单元（taxa），夏威夷州有58485个，下48州有66753个。该名录可从生物复杂性知识网络（Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity）公开获取，并会随着外来物种在美国定殖或被清除的情况持续更新。目前，该名录已被用于标注美国地质调查局（USGS）的"全国生物多样性信息服务平台（BISON, https://bison.usgs.gov）"中的外来物种出现记录，该平台是一款全物种制图应用程序。