Mitigating the extinction risk of globally threatened and endemic mountainous Orthoptera species: Parnassiana parnassica and Oropodisma parnassica

Abstract Orthoptera species are vulnerable to extinction on a global scale. Greece hosts 35% (380 species) of the European Orthoptera fauna with a high degree of endemic (37%) and threatened species (37%). We sampled 46 plots (100 m2) to investigate the distribution and ecological requirement of two Greek mountain endemic and red‐listed species: Parnassiana parnassica (Ramme, 1926; Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Critically Endangered [CR]) and Oropodisma parnassica (Scudder, 1897; Orthoptera: Caelifera; Endangered [EN]). Species had a restricted geographical range, with two isolated populations confined to high altitudes (1527–2320 m) of Mts. Parnassos and Elikonas. Species distribution models showed that slope affected their suitable habitat, together with the topographic position index the annual temperature range (P. parnassica), and the amount of green vegetation and evapotranspiration (O. parnassica). Connectivity analysis showed that P. parnassica‐suitable habitat consisted of few larger and well‐connected patches (26 patches: effective mesh size of 1.57 km2) and that O. parnassica‐suitable habitat consisted of more but smaller and less connected patches (56 patches: effective mesh size of 0.3 km2). Generalised linear models showed that the population density of P. parnassica was negatively influenced by the height of herbaceous vegetation and that of O. parnassica was positively influenced by altitude. The species face three main imminent threats: land take, wildfires, and global warming, whereas livestock grazing seems to have a positive impact and skiing a neutral impact on their populations. We assessed both species as EN after the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria and a suite of conservation measures are suggested for their status improvement.

Methods
The dataset refers to the environmental parameters occurring in the localities of the presence of two Greek endemic species that are globally endangered (EN), according to the results of the paper related to the current dataset Parnassiana parnassica and Oropodisma parnassica.

The study area comprises the global distribution range of the two target species. It encompasses two mountains in central Greece: Mt Parnassos and Mt Elikonas.

We conducted field surveys for three consecutive years (2021, 2022, 2023) during August and surveyed a total of 103 sites. We employed the time-constrained visit method, actively searching for the species for 45 minutes. In almost all cases, upon encountering the species, we delineated a quadrat of a standard area of 100 m2 and counted the number of individuals (40 quadrats). We recorded 12 microhabitat parameters at each quadrat with species occurrence: Altitude, slope, ground cover of soil, rocks, stones, and vegetation. Vegetation included herbaceous plants, (characterized by non-woody stems or roots), and robust herbaceous plants and shrubs (either a woody stem or a woody base or both).

The database consists of two matrices for the two target species respectively. For localities with presence only, the altitude is provided. For quadrats with a number of individuals, the values of the 12 environmental parameters are provided. P. parnassica: 30 quadrats X 12 parameters and 3 presences. O. parnassica:   30 quadrats X 12 parameters and 6 presences.

No coordinates are provided due to the red-list status of the species.

摘要
直翅目（Orthoptera）物种在全球范围内面临灭绝风险。希腊拥有欧洲直翅目动物区系35%的物种多样性，共计380种，其中特有种与受威胁物种占比颇高，分别达37%与37%。本研究共布设46个100平方米的样地，旨在探究两种希腊山地特有且被列入红色名录的物种的分布格局与生态需求：帕纳塞斯草螽（Parnassiana parnassica, Ramme, 1926; 直翅目（Orthoptera）: 螽斯科（Tettigoniidae）; 极危等级[CR]）与帕纳塞斯足蝗（Oropodisma parnassica, Scudder, 1897; 直翅目: 蝗亚目（Caelifera）; 濒危等级[EN]）。

这两个物种的地理分布范围狭窄，仅存两个孤立种群，分别分布于帕纳塞斯山与埃利科纳斯山的高海拔区域（1527~2320米）。物种分布模型结果显示，坡度对二者的适宜栖息地具有显著影响；其中帕纳塞斯草螽的适宜栖息地还受地形位置指数与年温度范围的调控，而帕纳塞斯足蝗的适宜栖息地则受绿色植被覆盖量与蒸散量的影响。

连通性分析结果表明，帕纳塞斯草螽的适宜栖息地由少量面积较大且连通性良好的斑块组成（共26个斑块，有效网格面积为1.57平方千米）；而帕纳塞斯足蝗的适宜栖息地则包含更多但面积更小、连通性更差的斑块（共56个斑块，有效网格面积为0.3平方千米）。

广义线性模型分析结果显示，帕纳塞斯草螽的种群密度与草本植物高度呈显著负相关，而帕纳塞斯足蝗的种群密度则随海拔升高呈显著正相关。这两个物种面临三大主要迫在眉睫的威胁：土地占用、野火与全球变暖；而畜牧放牧似乎对其种群具有积极影响，滑雪活动则对种群呈现中性影响。依据国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）的评估标准，本研究将这两个物种评定为濒危等级（EN），并提出了一系列旨在改善其保护现状的保护措施。

## 研究方法
本数据集基于本研究相关论文的结果，涵盖两种全球濒危（EN）希腊特有物种——帕纳塞斯草螽与帕纳塞斯足蝗的分布位点环境参数。

研究区域涵盖这两个目标物种的全球分布范围，包含希腊中部的帕纳塞斯山与埃利科纳斯山两座山地。

本研究于2021、2022及2023年连续三年的8月开展野外调查，共布设103个调查样点。研究采用时间受限调查法，对目标物种进行主动搜寻，单样点搜寻时长为45分钟。在几乎所有发现目标物种的样点中，我们划定标准面积为100平方米的样方，并统计样方内的个体数量（共获取40个有效样方）。在每个存在目标物种的样方中，我们记录了12项微生境参数：海拔、坡度、土壤、岩石、石块与植被的地表覆盖率。其中植被涵盖草本植物（以非木质茎或根为典型特征）、粗壮草本植物与灌木（具有木质茎、木质基部或两者兼具）。

本数据库包含分别对应两个目标物种的两张数据矩阵。仅针对存在目标物种的样点，提供海拔数据；针对统计了个体数量的样方，则提供12项环境参数的数值。其中，帕纳塞斯草螽的数据集包含30个样方×12项参数，共3个物种存在记录；帕纳塞斯足蝗的数据集包含30个样方×12项参数，共6个物种存在记录。

由于这两个物种均被列入红色名录，故未提供具体样点坐标信息。