Table_1_Complete genome analysis of Bacillus subtilis derived from yaks and its probiotic characteristics.docx

Probiotics have attracted attention due to their multiple health benefits to the host. Yaks inhabiting the Tibetan plateau exhibit excellent disease resistance and tolerance, which may be associated with their inner probiotics. Currently, research on probiotics mainly focuses on their positive effects on the host, but information regarding their genome remains unclear. To reveal the potential functional genes of Bacillus subtilis isolated from yaks, we sequenced its whole genome. Results indicated that the genomic length of Bacillus subtilis was 866,044,638 bp, with 4,429 coding genes. The genome of this bacteria was composed of one chromosome and one plasmid with lengths of 4,214,774 and 54,527 bp, respectively. Moreover, Bacillus subtilis contained 86 tRNAs, 27 rRNAs (9 16S_rRNA, 9 23S_rRNA, and 9 5S_rRNA), and 114 other ncRNA. KEGG annotation indicated that most genes in Bacillus subtilis were associated with biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and ABC transporters. GO annotation demonstrated that most genes in Bacillus subtilis were related to nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity, transporter activity, antioxidant activity, and biological adhesion. EggNOG uncovered that most genes in Bacillus subtilis were related to energy production and conversion, amino acid transport and metabolism, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. CAZy annotation found glycoside hydrolases (33.65%), glycosyl transferases (22.11%), polysaccharide lyases (3.84%), carbohydrate esterases (14.42%), auxiliary activities (3.36%), and carbohydrate-binding modules (22.59%). In conclusion, this study investigated the genome and genetic properties of Bacillus subtilis derived from yaks, which contributed to understanding the potential prebiotic mechanism of probiotics from the genetic perspective.

益生菌因其对宿主的多种健康益处而受到广泛关注。栖息于青藏高原的牦牛展现出优异的抗病性与耐受能力，这或许与其体内的益生菌密切相关。目前，益生菌相关研究多聚焦于其对宿主的有益作用，但有关其基因组的信息仍较为匮乏。为解析牦牛源枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）的潜在功能基因，本研究对其全基因组进行了测序。研究结果显示，该枯草芽孢杆菌的基因组总长度为866044638 bp，共包含4429个编码基因。该细菌的基因组由1条染色体和1个质粒构成，二者的长度分别为4214774 bp与54527 bp。此外，该枯草芽孢杆菌含有86个转运RNA（transfer RNA, tRNA）、27个核糖体RNA（ribosomal RNA, rRNA）（其中9个为16S rRNA、9个为23S rRNA、9个为5S rRNA）以及114个其他非编码RNA（non-coding RNA, ncRNA）。京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG）注释结果表明，该枯草芽孢杆菌的多数基因与氨基酸生物合成、碳代谢、嘌呤代谢、嘧啶代谢以及ABC转运蛋白相关。基因本体论（Gene Ontology, GO）注释结果显示，其多数基因涉及核酸结合转录因子活性、转运蛋白活性、抗氧化活性以及生物黏附过程。进化基因谱集（Evolutionary Genealogy of Genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups, EggNOG）注释结果显示，该菌多数基因与能量产生与转换、氨基酸转运与代谢以及碳水化合物转运与代谢相关。碳水化合物活性酶（Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes, CAZy）数据库注释结果显示，其编码的酶类包括糖苷水解酶（33.65%）、糖基转移酶（22.11%）、多糖裂解酶（3.84%）、碳水化合物酯酶（14.42%）、辅助活性酶（3.36%）以及碳水化合物结合模块（22.59%）。综上，本研究对牦牛源枯草芽孢杆菌的基因组及遗传特性进行了解析，有助于从遗传学视角阐释益生菌潜在的益生机制。