Archival and Discovery of December 23, 1854 Tsunami Event on Marigrams

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information have more than 3,000 tsunami marigram (tide gauge) records in both image and paper format. The majority of these tsunami marigram records were scanned to high-resolution digital tiff images during the NOAA Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP). There still remain shelves full of deteriorating paper records that are in need of rescue reformatting to scanned images before they are lost. As a follow-up to a successful 2016 BEDI project resulting in the archival and discovery of data held on marigrams during four large tsunamis (1946, 1952, 1960, 1964), marigrams from five additional tsunami events in 1854, 1883, 1896, 1933, and 1968 have been digitized. These additional five tsunami events were generated in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans and are rarely cited in research due to lack of data access. The five tsunami events proposed here for reformat, archive, and discovery in 2017 reside only on these same paper marigram records. Each of these datasets are of great importance as very little digital data exists from tsunamis that occurred during this time period, particularly those prior to the turn of the 20th Century. These events are not only historically important but with new research into tsunami probabilities, are statistically important as well. Similar to seismic hazard analyses, the tsunami community is now focused on tsunami recurrence rates through probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis to support land-use and construction decision-making. As a result, measurements of these tsunamis are not only expected to provide researchers with important information linking earthquake rupture to tsunami generation and propagation characteristics, but will add a significant number of tsunami data points to recurrence rates calculations. All data reformatted as part of this project will be brought into compliance with NOAA Data Directives and meet the requirements for Data Management, Discoverability, Accessibility, Documentation, Readability, and Data Preservation and Stewardship as per the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI). BEDI is designed to promote interoperability of Earth observation data across Federal agencies, systems and platforms through the improvement of data management practices and increased discoverability, accessibility, and usability of data collections.

美国国家海洋和大气管理局（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration，NOAA）国家环境信息中心馆藏超过3000份图像与纸质版海啸潮位图（tsunami marigram，即潮位计（tide gauge）记录）。其中绝大多数海啸潮位图记录已在NOAA气候数据现代化项目（Climate Data Modernization Program，CDMP）中被扫描为高分辨率数字TIFF图像。目前仍有大量堆积如山、正在逐步老化的纸质记录亟待抢救性数字化扫描，以免其永久遗失。

作为2016年一项成功的地球大数据倡议（Big Earth Data Initiative，BEDI）项目的后续工作——该项目完成了1946年、1952年、1960年、1964年四次特大海啸相关潮位图数据的归档与公开检索——研究团队现已完成1854年、1883年、1896年、1933年、1968年五次新增海啸事件的潮位图数字化工作。上述五次海啸均发生于太平洋与印度洋海域，由于缺乏可用数据，相关学术研究中极少提及此类事件。

2017年拟开展抢救性数字化、归档与公开检索工作的五次海啸事件数据，仅存于上述纸质潮位图记录中。鉴于该时期（尤其是20世纪初之前）的海啸数字数据极为匮乏，上述数据集均具备极高科研价值。这些历史事件不仅拥有重要的历史意义，随着当前海啸概率研究的深入，其统计学价值也愈发凸显。

与地震灾害风险分析类似，海啸研究领域目前正通过概率性海啸灾害风险分析聚焦于海啸复发率，以此为土地利用与建筑决策提供支撑。因此，上述海啸的实测数据不仅将为研究者提供关联地震破裂与海啸生成、传播特征的关键信息，还将为海啸复发率计算补充大量可靠的数据样本。

本项目中完成数字化的所有数据均将符合NOAA数据指令要求，并满足地球大数据倡议（BEDI）所规定的数据管理、可发现性、可访问性、文档记录、可读性以及数据保存与管理规范。BEDI旨在通过优化数据管理实践，提升数据集的可发现性、可访问性与可用性，推动联邦机构、系统与平台间的地球观测数据互操作性。