Supplementary data and analysis code for a three-level meta-analysis of spatial thinking interventions

This record contains the dataset, coding materials and R analysis code for a three-level meta-analysis of instructional interventions targeting spatial thinking in social studies and geography education. The dataset comprises 43 effect sizes from 25 controlled studies published between 2005 and 2026, together with moderator codings for course context, education level, intervention type, instrument type, design and a four-dimension study-quality composite. The R scripts reproduce the three-level random-effects model, moderator analyses with cluster-robust inference, sensitivity analyses, publication-bias diagnostics and the inter-coder reliability calculation. Variable definitions and instructions for running the scripts are given in the README file. Version 2: instrument coding for three studies revised following the inter-coder consensus meeting; subset analyses recomputed; second coder's full instrument coding added. Version 3: publication year corrected for one study; instrument coding revised for three studies following the inter-coder consensus meeting; all analyses, appendix tables and figures regenerated; figures and scripts provided in English at 1000 dpi.