Data from: Genealogy and palaeodrainage basins in Yunnan Province: phylogeography of the Yunnan spiny frog, Nanorana yunnanensis (Dicroglossidae)

Historical drainage patterns adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau differed markedly from those of today. We examined the relationship between drainage history and geographic patterns of genetic variation in the Yunnan spiny frog, Nanorana yunnanensis, using approximately 981 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) partial sequences from encoding genes ND1 and ND2, and intervening areas including complete tRNA Ile, tRNA Gln, and tRNA Met. Two null hypotheses were tested, including (1) that genetic patterns do not correspond to the development of drainage systems and (2) that populations had been stable and not experienced population expansion, bottlenecking and selection. Genealogical analyses identified three, major, well-supported maternal lineages, each of which had two sublineages. These divergent lineages were completely concordant with six geographical regions. Genetic structure and divergence were strongly congruent with historical rather than contemporary drainage patterns. Most lineages and sublineages were formed through population fragmentation events during the rearrangement of paleodrainage basins in the early Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Sympatric lineages occurred only in localities at the boundaries of major drainages, likely reflecting secondary contact of previously allopatric populations. Extensive population expansion probably occurred early in the Middle Pleistocene accompanying dramatic climatic oscillations.

青藏高原周边的古水系格局与现代水系格局存在显著差异。本研究以云南棘蛙（*Nanorana yunnanensis*）为研究对象，利用来自ND1、ND2编码基因及包含完整异亮氨酸转运RNA（tRNA^Ile）、谷氨酰胺转运RNA（tRNA^Gln）与甲硫氨酸转运RNA（tRNA^Met）的间隔区域的约981个碱基对的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）部分序列，探讨了水系演化历史与该物种遗传变异地理格局之间的关联。本研究检验了两个零假设：其一，遗传格局与水系演化无关；其二，种群保持稳定，未经历种群扩张、瓶颈效应与选择作用。谱系分析识别出3个支持度较高的主要母系谱系，每个谱系均包含2个亚谱系。这些分化谱系与6个地理区域完全吻合。种群的遗传结构与分化程度与古水系格局高度一致，而非现代水系格局。多数谱系与亚谱系形成于上新世早期与更新世早期古水系盆地重构过程中的种群片段化事件。同域分布的谱系仅出现于主要水系的交界地带，这大概率反映了此前异域分布的种群发生了二次接触。在中更新世早期，伴随剧烈的气候波动，该物种种群可能发生了大规模扩张。