Hunting, but not outdoor recreation, modulates behavioural tolerance to human disturbance in Alpine marmots Marmota marmota

Humans are often perceived as predators by free-living animals, and thus, even non-consumptive human activities such as outdoor recreation may trigger behavioural and physiological responses, often with negative consequences on individual fitness and population persistence. Nonetheless, there is growing evidence that wildlife can also have remarkable behavioural tolerance, but no clear picture has yet emerged regarding the mechanisms explaining different responses to humans. We investigated the effect of different types of human activity – hunting and outdoor recreation – on behavioural tolerance to humans in Alpine marmots Marmota marmota. Marmots were studied in areas with contrasting protection regimes and under different levels of outdoor recreation in Northern Italy over three seasons (2021-2023). Flight initiation distance (i.e. the distance at which an animal escapes from an approaching person) was used as a proxy of tolerance to human disturbance and tested against levels of out..., , # Data for: Hunting, but not outdoor recreation, modulates behavioural tolerance to human disturbance in Alpine marmots Marmota marmota

## Description of the data and file structure

Data used for the Analysis for the article “Hunting, but not outdoor recreation, modulates behavioural tolerance to human disturbance in Alpine marmots Marmota marmota\" published in Wildlife Biology (2025).

**Principal Investigator:** Friederike Zenth, [[e-mail]](mailto:[e-mail])

### Files and variables

#### File: Zenth.et.al.2025\_marmot.fid.csv

**Description:** Data used for the Analysis for the article “Hunting, but not outdoor recreation, modulates behavioural tolerance to human disturbance in Alpine marmots Marmota marmota\" published in Wildlife Biology (2025).

##### Variables

* id_fid: unique identifier for each contucted flight-initiation-distance(fid) test
* date: date of the fid test
* jdate: Julian day of the fid test
* time: time of the day of the fi...,

野生自由生活的动物通常将人类视作捕食者，因此即便诸如户外休闲这类非消耗性人类活动，也可能触发动物的行为与生理响应，且往往会对个体适合度及种群存续产生负面影响。尽管已有越来越多的证据表明野生动物可展现出显著的行为耐受性，但目前尚未明确阐释动物对人类产生不同响应的内在机制。本研究针对阿尔卑斯旱獭（Marmota marmota）展开，探讨狩猎与户外休闲这两类不同人类活动对其人类耐受行为的影响。2021-2023年三个季节间，研究团队在意大利北部不同保护政策区域以及不同户外休闲强度的生境中对阿尔卑斯旱獭进行了观测。本研究以逃逸启动距离（Flight Initiation Distance, FID，即动物逃离趋近人类时的距离）作为人类干扰耐受性的替代指标，并针对其与户外休闲水平的关联开展分析……

# 对应数据：《狩猎而非户外休闲调控阿尔卑斯旱獭对人类干扰的行为耐受性》

## 数据与文件结构说明
本数据集为发表于《Wildlife Biology》2025年的论文"狩猎而非户外休闲调控阿尔卑斯旱獭对人类干扰的行为耐受性"的分析所用数据。

**项目负责人**：弗里德里克·曾特（Friederike Zenth），邮箱：[e-mail]

### 文件与变量
#### 文件：Zenth.et.al.2025_marmot.fid.csv
**描述**：本文件为上述《Wildlife Biology》2025年论文分析所用的数据集。
##### 变量
* id_fid：每次开展的逃逸启动距离（Flight Initiation Distance, FID）测试的唯一标识符
* date：逃逸启动距离测试日期
* jdate：逃逸启动距离测试的儒略日
* time：当日测试时间（原文此处存在截断）