高速磁浮列车近场气动特性及其诱导噪声的数值仿真研究

磁浮列车具有高速性和非接触性，其噪声水平主要依赖于近场气动特性. 本文中针对某型号三编组高速磁浮列车，基于Lighthill声学理论，应用大涡模拟法(LES)和FW-H声学模型，仿真分析了1:10列车缩比模型在600 km/h明线工况下的稳态气动特性及瞬态气动噪声激励源特性. 结果表明：高速磁浮列车车头与车尾鼻尖位置呈现等压线密集、压力梯度大现象，且车头鼻尖处压力值明显高于车尾鼻尖；列车表面声功率级最高可达155 dB，主要噪声源产生在车头鼻尖区域、表面曲率发生较大变化位置；低频段下列车车头与车尾表面对应位置监测点的声压级分布规律相同，且车头鼻尖位置监测点声压级高于车尾鼻尖，车头与车尾向车身过渡位置两监测点声压级在低频段有明显波动. 文中所得研究成果，可为高速磁浮列车车内噪声计算以及为后续低频噪声优化提供一定的科学依据和指导，实现乘客对乘坐舒适性要求.

Maglev trains feature high speed and contactless operation, and their noise levels mainly depend on near-field aerodynamic characteristics. In this paper, aiming at a certain type of three-marshalling high-speed maglev train, based on Lighthill's acoustic theory, large eddy simulation (LES) and FW-H acoustic model are applied to simulate and analyze the steady aerodynamic characteristics and transient aerodynamic noise excitation source characteristics of a 1:10 scaled train model under the open-line working condition of 600 km/h. The results show that: at the nose tips of the head and tail of the high-speed maglev train, isobars are dense and the pressure gradient is large, and the pressure value at the head nose tip is significantly higher than that at the tail nose tip; the sound power level on the train surface can reach up to 155 dB, and the main noise sources are generated in the head nose tip area and the positions with significant surface curvature changes. In the low-frequency band, the sound pressure level distribution rules of the monitoring points at the corresponding positions on the head and tail surfaces of the train are the same, and the sound pressure level of the monitoring point at the head nose tip is higher than that at the tail nose tip; the sound pressure levels of the two monitoring points at the transition positions from the head and tail to the train body fluctuate significantly in the low-frequency band. The research results obtained in this paper can provide certain scientific basis and guidance for the calculation of interior noise of high-speed maglev trains and subsequent low-frequency noise optimization, so as to meet passengers' requirements for riding comfort.