An acute bout of cycling does not induce compensatory responses in pre-menopausal women not using hormonal contraceptives

There is a clear need to improve understanding of the effects of physical activity and exercise on appetite control. Therefore, the acute and short-term effects (three days) of a single bout of cycling on energy intake and energy expenditure were examined in women not using hormonal contraceptives. Sixteen active (n = 8) and inactive (n = 8) healthy pre-menopausal women completed a randomised crossover design study with two conditions (exercise and control). The exercise day involved cycling for one hour (50% of maximum oxygen uptake) and resting for two hours, whilst the control day comprised three hours of rest. On each experimental day participants arrived at the laboratory fasted, consumed a standardised breakfast and an ad libitum pasta lunch. Food diaries and combined heart rate-accelerometer monitors were used to assess free-living food intake and energy expenditure, respectively, over the subsequent three days. There were no main effects or condition (exercise vs control) by group (active vs inactive) interaction for absolute energy intake (P > 0.05) at the ad libitum laboratory lunch meal, but there was a condition effect for relative energy intake (P = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.46) that was lower in the exercise condition (1417 ± 926 kJ vs. 2120 ± 923 kJ). Furthermore, post-breakfast satiety was higher in the active than in the inactive group (P = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.44). There were no main effects or interactions (P > 0.05) for mean daily energy intake, but both active and inactive groups consumed less energy from protein (14 ± 3% vs. 16 ± 4%, P = 0.016, ηp2 = 0.37) and more from carbohydrate (53 ± 5% vs. 49 ± 7%, P = 0.031, ηp2 = 0.31) following the exercise condition. This study suggests that an acute bout of cycling does not induce compensatory responses in active and inactive women not using hormonal contraceptives, while the stronger satiety response to the standardised breakfast meal in active individuals adds to the growing literature that physical activity helps improve the sensitivity of short-term appetite control.

当前学界亟需深化对体力活动与运动对食欲调控作用的认知。因此，本研究针对未使用激素类避孕药（hormonal contraceptives）的女性群体，探究了单次骑行运动对能量摄入与能量消耗的急性及短期（三日）影响。16名健康绝经前女性参与了随机交叉设计（randomised crossover design）研究，其中运动活跃组（n=8）与久坐组（n=8）各8人，实验设置运动与对照两种条件。运动日安排受试者进行1小时骑行运动（强度为最大摄氧量（maximum oxygen uptake）的50%），随后休息2小时；对照日则安排3小时静息。每次实验日受试者均空腹抵达实验室，先食用标准化早餐，随后可自由进食（ad libitum）意式午餐。后续三日，受试者通过食物日志与佩戴心率-加速度计联合监测设备，分别记录自由生活状态下的食物摄入与能量消耗情况。针对实验室自由进食午餐的绝对能量摄入，未观察到主效应，也未发现实验条件（运动vs对照）与组别（活跃vs久坐）的交互效应（P>0.05）；但实验条件对相对能量摄入存在显著影响（P=0.004，偏η²（ηp²）=0.46），运动条件下的相对能量摄入更低（1417±926 kJ vs. 2120±923 kJ）。此外，早餐后饱腹感在运动活跃组中显著高于久坐组（P=0.005，偏η²（ηp²）=0.44）。日均能量摄入未出现主效应或交互效应（P>0.05）；但在运动条件后，运动活跃组与久坐组的蛋白质供能占比均有所降低（14±3% vs.16±4%，P=0.016，偏η²（ηp²）=0.37），碳水化合物供能占比则有所升高（53±5% vs.49±7%，P=0.031，偏η²（ηp²）=0.31）。本研究结果表明，单次骑行运动不会在未使用激素类避孕药的运动活跃与久坐女性群体中引发代偿性进食反应；而运动活跃人群对标准化早餐展现出更强的饱腹感响应，这一发现进一步佐证了日益增多的相关研究结论——体力活动有助于提升短期食欲调控的敏感性。