Lake-TopoCat: A global Lake drainage Topology and Catchment database

Contact: Md Safat Sikder ([e-mail]), Jida Wang ([e-mail])

Citation

If you use Lake-TopoCat, please cite the following paper:

Sikder, M. S., Wang, J., Allen, G. H., Sheng, Y., Yamazaki, D., Song, C., Ding, M., Crétaux, J.-F., and Pavelsky, T. M., 2023. Lake-TopoCat: A global lake drainage topology and catchment dataset. Earth System Science Data, 15, 3483-3511, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3483-2023.

Data description and componentsThis version of Lake-TopoCat was constructed using the SWOT Prior Lake Database (PLD) v106 (Wang et al., 2023) lake mask and the 3-arc-second-resolution hydrography dataset MERIT Hydro v1.0.1 (Yamazaki et al., 2019). The drainage type of each PLD lake, such as isolated, inflow-headwater, headwater, flow-through, terminal, and coastal, was determined with assistance of MERIT Hydro-Vector (Lin et al., 2021), a high-resolution river network dataset with spatially-variable drainage densities.

For convenience, the global landmass (excluding Antarctica) was partitioned to 68 Pfafstetter Level-2 basins or regions, and the Lake-TopoCat data products were also organized based on these 68 regions, with their region or basin IDs shown in the Fig. 'Pfaf2_basins.jpg', attached to this database.

Lake-TopoCat consists of five feature components, each with multiple attributes depicting lake drainage relationships. The five features are:

1. Lake boundaries: polygons of 5,893,363 PLD lakes, larger than 1 ha.

     File name: Lakes_pfaf_xx           where, 'pfaf_xx' indicates the Pfafstetter Level-2 basin ID (shown in Fig. 'Pfaf2_basins.jpg')

2. Lake outlets: points representing outlet or pour points of each individual lake. There are multiple outlets from a multifurcation lake. We identified 5,983,642 outlets for 5,893,363 lakes, where 83,819 lakes (~1.4% of the global lakes) show bi/multifurcation.

     File name: Outlets_pfaf_xx

3. Unit catchment: boundary polygons of catchment defining the drainage areas between cascading (i.e., immediately upstream and downstream) lake outlets. The count of unit catchments equal to the count of lake outlets, and bifurcation or multifurcation lakes have multiple local catchments. In total, the delineated catchments in Lake-TopoCat cover about 85.1 million km2, which is about 63% of the Earth’s land mass excluding the Antarctic.

     File name: Catchments_pfaf_xx

4. Inter-lake reaches: line features defining the drainage networks that connect the lake outlets to the inland sinks or the ocean. About 11 million connecting reaches were generated among ~6 million outlets. The total length of these inter-lake connecting reaches is ~19 million km, which is at least 8.75 times longer than the SWOT-visible river reaches as depicted in the SWOT River Database (SWORD) v16 (Altenau et al., 2021).

     File name: Reaches_pfaf_xx

5. Lake-network basins: boundary polygons of the entire drainage area containing each inter-lake network (i.e., a complete basin from the headwater to an inland sink or the ocean for all basins containing lakes). A total of 108,985 lake-network basins were identified. Among them, endorheic basins account for 2.75% by count and 19.5% by area of all lake-network basins. These endorheic basins cover ~17.5% of global surface excluding Antarctica.

     File name: Basins_pfaf_xx

The attribute tables for each of the feature components are explained in Section 4 of the product description document. For user convenience, we release the preliminary Lake-TopoCat lake outlets, unit catchments, and inter-lake reaches, with the affix '_prelim' in the file names (explained in the attached product description document). We also provide the polygon boundaries of the 68 Pfafstetter basins or regions in the file named 'Pfaf2_regions'. All files of Lake-TopoCat are available in both shapefile and geodatabase formats.

DisclaimerAuthors of this dataset claim no responsibility or liability for any consequences related to the use, citation, or dissemination of Lake-TopoCat.

联系方式：Md Safat Sikder（[e-mail]）、Jida Wang（[e-mail]）

引用
若您使用Lake-TopoCat数据集，请引用以下论文：
Sikder, M. S., Wang, J., Allen, G. H., Sheng, Y., Yamazaki, D., Song, C., Ding, M., Crétaux, J.-F., 与 Pavelsky, T. M., 2023. Lake-TopoCat：全球湖泊排水拓扑与集水区数据集。《地球系统科学数据》，15卷，3483-3511页，https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3483-2023.

数据描述与组成
本版Lake-TopoCat数据集基于SWOT先验湖泊数据库（SWOT Prior Lake Database, PLD）v106（Wang等，2023）的湖泊掩码，以及3角秒分辨率的水文地貌数据集MERIT Hydro v1.0.1（Yamazaki等，2019）构建。每个PLD湖泊的排水类型（如孤立、入流源头、源头、贯通、终端、沿海等）借助MERIT Hydro-Vector（Lin等，2021）确定，该数据集是一套具备空间可变排水密度的高分辨率河网数据集。

为便于应用，南极洲以外的全球陆域被划分为68个帕法斯特特（Pfafstetter）二级流域/区域，Lake-TopoCat数据产品亦按此68个区域进行组织，各区域/流域的ID详见附件数据库中的《Pfaf2_basins.jpg》图示。

Lake-TopoCat包含5类要素组件，每类均包含多项用于描述湖泊排水关系的属性。5类要素分别为：
1. 湖泊边界：5893363个面积大于1公顷的PLD湖泊的多边形矢量。
文件名：Lakes_pfaf_xx，其中“pfaf_xx”代表帕法斯特特二级流域ID（详见《Pfaf2_basins.jpg》图示）
2. 湖泊出口：代表单个湖泊出水口或汇流点的点要素。分汊湖泊存在多个出水口。本数据集为5893363个湖泊共识别出5983642个出水口，其中83819个湖泊（约占全球湖泊总数的1.4%）存在双向/多分汊现象。
文件名：Outlets_pfaf_xx
3. 单元集水区：定义级联（即紧邻上游和下游）湖泊出水口之间汇水范围的边界多边形。单元集水区的数量与湖泊出水口数量一致，分汊或多分汊湖泊拥有多个局地集水区。本数据集划定的集水区总面积约为8510万平方千米，约占南极洲以外全球陆域面积的63%。
文件名：Catchments_pfaf_xx
4. 湖间河道：连接湖泊出水口与内陆汇水点或海洋的河网线要素。约600万个出水口间共生成约1100万条连接河道，总长度约1900万千米，至少为SWOT河网数据库（SWORD）v16（Altenau等，2021）中记载的可观测SWOT河道长度的8.75倍。
文件名：Reaches_pfaf_xx
5. 湖网流域：包含每条湖间河道网络的完整汇水区域边界多边形（即所有含湖泊流域从源头至内陆汇水点或海洋的完整流域范围）。本数据集共识别出108985个湖网流域，其中内流流域的数量占比为2.75%，面积占比为19.5%，此类内流流域覆盖了南极洲以外全球地表约17.5%的范围。
文件名：Basins_pfaf_xx

各要素组件的属性表详见产品说明文档第4节。为方便用户使用，我们发布了带有“_prelim”后缀的Lake-TopoCat初步版湖泊出水口、单元集水区及湖间河道数据（详见附件产品说明文档）。此外，我们还提供了68个帕法斯特特流域/区域的多边形边界文件，文件名为“Pfaf2_regions”。Lake-TopoCat所有文件均提供shapefile和地理数据库（geodatabase）两种格式。

免责声明
本数据集作者对使用、引用或传播Lake-TopoCat所引发的任何后果不承担任何责任或义务。