Organizations Convicted in Federal Criminal Courts, 1987-1998

These data, collected to assist in the development of sentencing guidelines, describe offense and sentencing characteristics for organizations sentenced in federal district courts in 1987-1998. The United States Sentencing Commission's primary function is to inform federal courts of sentencing policies and practices that include guidelines prescribing the appropriate form and severity of punishment for offenders convicted of federal crimes. Court-related variables include primary offense type, pecuniary offense loss and gain, dates of disposition and sentencing, method of determination of guilt, number of counts pled and charged, and dates and types of sentencing and restitution. Defendant organization variables include ownership structure, number of owners and employees, highest level of corporate knowledge of the criminal offense, highest level of corporate indictment and conviction for participation in the criminal offense, annual revenue, equity and financial status of the defendant organization, whether it was a criminal organization, duration of criminal activity, and risk to national security. Part 1, Organizational Defendants Data, 1988, describes offense and sentencing characteristics for organizations sentenced in federal district courts in 1988. Part 2, Organizational Defendants Data, 1989-1990, is a compilation of offense and sentencing characteristics for the population of organizations sentenced in federal district courts during the period January 1, 1989, to June 30, 1990. Part 3, Statute Data, 1989-1990, is a secondary component of the Commission's study that includes only the statutes of conviction and number of counts per conviction, during the period January 1, 1989, to June 30, 1990. Part 4, Organizational Defendants Data, 1987-1993, includes all organizational defendants sentenced pursuant to the Chapter Two, Part R (1987) antitrust guidelines and the Chapter Eight (1991) sentencing guidelines for organizational defendants that were sentenced between November 1, 1987, through September 30, 1993, and were received by the Commission. Part 5, Organizational Defendants Data, 1994, gives information on organizational defendants sentenced during fiscal year October 1, 1993, through September 30, 1994, and includes culpability scores and Chapter Eight (1991) culpability scoring procedures. Part 6, Organizational Defendants Data, 1995, covers fiscal year October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1995, and also includes culpability scores and Chapter Eight (1991) culpability scoring procedures. This file includes nine defendants sentenced pursuant to Section 2R1.1 (1987) and 111 defendants sentenced pursuant to the Chapter Eight guidelines. Part 7, Organizational Defendants Data, 1996, covers fiscal year October 1, 1995, through September 30, 1996. This file includes nine defendants sentenced pursuant to Section 2R1.1 (1987) and 157 defendants sentenced pursuant to the Chapter Eight guidelines. Part 8, Organizational Defendants Data, 1997, covers fiscal year October 1, 1996, through September 30, 1997. This file includes two defendants sentenced pursuant to Section 2R1.1 (1987) and 220 defendants sentenced pursuant to the Chapter Eight guidelines. Part 9, Organizational Defendants Data, 1998, covers fiscal year October 1, 1997, through September 30, 1998. This file includes one defendant sentenced pursuant to Section 2R1.1 (1987) and 218 defendants sentenced pursuant to the Chapter Eight guidelines, and one defendant for which complete guideline application information was not received. The database does not include organizational defendants sentenced pursuant to pre-guideline procedures.

本数据集旨在助力量刑指南（sentencing guidelines）的制定，描述了1987-1998年间美国联邦地区法院对机构组织作出判决的犯罪及量刑特征。美国量刑委员会（United States Sentencing Commission）的核心职能是向联邦法院提供量刑政策与实践指导，其中涵盖为联邦犯罪定罪者规定恰当惩罚形式及严厉程度的指南。与法院相关的变量包括主要犯罪类型、经济犯罪损失与收益、处置及判决日期、定罪方式、认罪与指控的罪名数量，以及判决与赔偿（restitution）的日期及类型。被告组织相关变量包括所有权结构、所有者及员工数量、企业对犯罪行为的最高知情层级、企业参与犯罪行为的最高被起诉及定罪层级、年收入、资产与财务状况、是否为犯罪组织、犯罪活动持续时间，以及对国家安全的风险。第一部分“1988年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1988）描述了1988年联邦地区法院判决的机构组织的犯罪及量刑特征。第二部分“1989-1990年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1989-1990）汇编了1989年1月1日至1990年6月30日期间联邦地区法院判决的所有机构组织的犯罪及量刑特征。第三部分“1989-1990年法规数据”（Statute Data, 1989-1990）是委员会研究的次要组成部分，仅包含1989年1月1日至1990年6月30日期间的定罪法规及每项定罪的罪名数量。第四部分“1987-1993年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1987-1993）涵盖了1987年11月1日至1993年9月30日期间依据1987年《第二章R部分反垄断量刑指南》（Chapter Two, Part R (1987) antitrust guidelines）及1991年《第八章机构被告量刑指南》（Chapter Eight (1991) sentencing guidelines for organizational defendants）判决，并已提交至委员会的所有机构被告。第五部分“1994年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1994）提供了1993年10月1日至1994年9月30日财年（fiscal year）判决的机构被告信息，包含罪责评分（culpability scores）及1991年《第八章罪责评分程序》（Chapter Eight (1991) culpability scoring procedures）。第六部分“1995年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1995）涵盖1994年10月1日至1995年9月30日财年，同样包含罪责评分及1991年《第八章罪责评分程序》。本文件包含9名依据1987年《第2R1.1节》（Section 2R1.1 (1987)）判决的被告，以及111名依据《第八章指南》判决的被告。第七部分“1996年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1996）涵盖1995年10月1日至1996年9月30日财年，包含9名依据1987年《第2R1.1节》判决的被告，以及157名依据《第八章指南》判决的被告。第八部分“1997年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1997）涵盖1996年10月1日至1997年9月30日财年，包含2名依据1987年《第2R1.1节》判决的被告，以及220名依据《第八章指南》判决的被告。第九部分“1998年机构被告数据”（Organizational Defendants Data, 1998）涵盖1997年10月1日至1998年9月30日财年，包含1名依据1987年《第2R1.1节》判决的被告、218名依据《第八章指南》判决的被告，以及1名未提交完整指南适用信息的被告。本数据库不包含依据指南实施前程序（pre-guideline procedures）判决的机构被告。