The essential role of heparan sulfate in the entry of PDCoV and other porcine coronaviruses

Figure 1. The effect of heparin sodium treatment on PDCoV infection.
Figure 2. Heparin sodium treatment inhibits infection by multiple coronaviruses.
Figure 3. The effect of mitoxantrone treatment on PDCoV infection.
Figure 4. The effects of genetic ablation of HS biosynthesis genes on PDCoV infection.
Figure 5. SLC35B2, EXT1 and NDST1 HS biosynthesis genes are required for efficient infection by PEDV, SADS-CoV and TGEV.
Figure 6. SLC35B2, EXT1 and NDST1 gene KO in LLC-PK1 cells reduces PDCoV attachment.
Figure 7. Impact of the overexpression of HS biosynthesis genes on porcine coronavirus infection.
Figure S1. Heparin sodium treatment showed no inhibitory effect on VSV infection.
Figure S2. Mitoxantrone exhibits a stronger inhibitory effect on the viral entry stage than on post-entry stages.
Figure S3. Effect of mitoxantrone treatment on PDCoV dsRNA formation.
Figure S4. Mitoxantrone treatment inhibits infection by multiple coronaviruses.
Figure S5. Mitoxantrone treatment of cells had no significant effect on VSV infection.
Figure S6. Effect of genetic ablation of HS biosynthesis genes on HS expression.
Figure S7. Overexpression of HS biosynthesis genes had no significant effect on VSV infection.

图1 肝素钠处理对猪德尔塔冠状病毒（Porcine deltacoronavirus, PDCoV）感染的影响。
图2 肝素钠处理可抑制多种冠状病毒的感染。
图3 米托蒽醌处理对猪德尔塔冠状病毒（PDCoV）感染的影响。
图4 硫酸乙酰肝素（Heparan sulfate, HS）生物合成基因的遗传敲除对猪德尔塔冠状病毒（PDCoV）感染的影响。
图5 SLC35B2、EXT1和NDST1这三个HS生物合成基因，对于猪流行性腹泻病毒（Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV）、猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒（Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus, SADS-CoV）以及传染性胃肠炎病毒（Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, TGEV）的高效感染不可或缺。
图6 在LLC-PK1细胞中敲除SLC35B2、EXT1和NDST1基因，会减弱猪德尔塔冠状病毒（PDCoV）的吸附过程。
图7 过表达HS生物合成基因对猪冠状病毒感染的影响。
补充图1 肝素钠处理对水疱性口炎病毒（Vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV）感染无抑制作用。
补充图2 米托蒽醌对病毒侵入阶段的抑制作用强于侵入后阶段。
补充图3 米托蒽醌处理对猪德尔塔冠状病毒（PDCoV）双链RNA（double-stranded RNA, dsRNA）形成的影响。
补充图4 米托蒽醌可抑制多种冠状病毒的感染。
补充图5 米托蒽醌处理细胞对水疱性口炎病毒（VSV）感染无显著影响。
补充图6 遗传敲除HS生物合成基因对HS表达的影响。
补充图7 过表达HS生物合成基因对水疱性口炎病毒（VSV）感染无显著影响。