Classification of lower extremity venous malformations and risk of knee involvement: A retrospective cohort study.

Figure 3. Localized diffuse venous malformation. Blue vascular plaque on the medial right (a) and lateral left (b) lower extremity.

Figure 4. Diagnostic Images. Images from MRI of left knee of 15-year-old female with intraarticular venous malformation demonstrate lobular hyperintense signal along the medial aspect of the distal left thigh and proximal leg, with extension into the joint space of the knee. Coronal image demonstrates extent of the lesion along the medial aspect of the distal thigh and proximal leg (a). Incidental note is made of additional focus of VM along the lateral aspect of the proximal leg. Images from arthroscopy demonstrating cauterization of intraarticular venous malformation (b).

图3 局限性弥漫性静脉畸形。(a) 右侧下肢内侧及(b) 左侧下肢外侧可见蓝色血管斑块。

图4 诊断影像。15岁女性左膝关节内静脉畸形的磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI）结果显示，左大腿远端及小腿近端内侧可见小叶状高信号影，并累及膝关节腔。冠状位(a)图像可显示病灶累及左大腿远端及小腿近端内侧的范围。另于小腿近端外侧发现额外的静脉畸形（venous malformation, VM）病灶。关节镜图像(b)显示关节内静脉畸形的烧灼操作。