Forage fish diet in Prince William Sound, Alaska: 1994 - 1996

The Forage Fish Diet Overlap component of the Alaska Predator Ecosystem Experiment (APEX) investigated the trophic interactions of forage fish prey of seabird populations which were impacted during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. We analyzed more than 5000 specimens of 14 forage species, and zooplankton and epibenthic prey samples from Prince William Sound (PWS), 1994-96. Forage fish were collected monthly in western PWS with purse seines in 1994 and in three regions of PWS (southwestern, central and northeastern) with a mid-water trawl in 1995 (summer and autumn) and with a beach seine in 1996 (summer). The species examined were mainly young-of-the-year (YOY) and age 1 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific herring (Clupeu pallasi), Pacific sandlance (Ammodytes hexapterus), pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Pacific tomcod (Microgadus proximus), prowfish (Zaprora silenus), northern smoothtongue (Leuroglossus schmidti), eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), capelin (Mallotus villosus), threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and Pacific sandfish (Trichodon trichodon). We compared seasonal size, diet composition and diet overlap between species from May-November, 1994; described the diets, prey fields and prey selection of juvenile pollock and herring in summer and autumn, 1995 and of juvenile herring, sandlance and pink salmon in summer, 1996; examined for prey shifts and feeding declines when the 1995-96 fish occurred in multi-species aggregations (sympatrically) compared to when they occurred in single species aggregations (allopatrically) to test for competition; and compared diet composition interannually for several species in July of the three years.

Publications:

Purcell, J. E. and M. V. Sturdevant. 2001. Prey selection and dietary overlap among zooplanktivorous jellyfish and juvenile fishes in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210:67-83.

Sturdevant, M. V., T. M. Willette, S. C. Jewett, E. Debevec, L. B. Hulbert, and A. L. J. Brase. 1999. Forage fish diet overlap, 1994-1996. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report. Restoration Project 97163C, 3 chapters: 103 pages+ figures and tables. EVOS Trustee Council, Anchorage, AK. Available at: http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M. V., T. M. Willette, S. C. Jewett, E. Debevec, L. B. Hulbert, and A. L. J. Brase. 1999. Diet composition, diet overlap, and size of 14 species of forage fish collected monthly in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1994-1996. Pgs. 10-37 (Chapter 1) in M. V. Sturdevant et al. (ed.). Forage fish diet overlap, 1994-1996. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report, Restoration Project 97163C, 103 pages+ figures and tables. EVOS Trustee Council, Anchorage, AK. Available at: http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M. V., A. L. J. Brase, and L. B. Hulbert. 1999. Feeding, prey fields, and potential competition of young-of-the-year walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska in summer and autumn. Pgs. 38-71 (Chapter 2) in M. V. Sturdevant et al. (ed.). Forage fish diet overlap, 1994-1996. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report, Restoration Project 97163C, 103 pages+ figures and tables. EVOS Trustee Council, Anchorage, AK. Available at: http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M. V. B., A.L.J./ Brase, and L. B. Hulbert. 1999. Diet overlap, prey selection, and potential food competition among allopatric and sympatric forage fish species in Prince William Sound, 1996. Pgs. 72-100 (Chapter 3) in M. V. Sturdevant et al. (ed.). Forage fish diet overlap, 1994-1996. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report, Restoration Project 97163C, 103 pages+ figures and tables. EVOS Trustee Council, Anchorage, AK. Available at: http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M. V. 2001. Summer zooplankton abundance and composition estimates from 20-m vertical hauls in Prince William Sound, Alaska, using three net meshes. Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 8:96-106.

Sturdevant, M. V., A. L. J. Brase, and L. B. Hulbert. 2001. Feeding habits, prey fields, and potential competition of young-of-the-year walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1994-1995. Fishery Bulletin 99:482-501.

阿拉斯加捕食者生态系统实验（APEX）的饵料鱼食性重叠研究部分，调查了在埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号油轮泄漏事件中受影响的海鸟种群的饵料鱼猎物之间的营养相互作用。我们分析了1994-1996年期间来自威廉王子湾（PWS）的14种饵料物种的5000多个样本，以及浮游动物和底栖猎物样本。

1994年，每月在威廉王子湾西部用围网采集饵料鱼；1995年（夏季和秋季）在威廉王子湾三个区域（西南、中部和东北部）用中层拖网采集；1996年夏季用滩涂围网采集。

所研究的物种主要包括当年生幼体（YOY）和1龄狭鳕（Theragra chalcogramma）、太平洋鲱（Clupeu pallasi）、太平洋沙鳗（Ammodytes hexapterus）、粉鲑（Oncorhynchus gorbuscha）、狗鲑（O. keta）、红鲑（O. nerka）、太平洋鳕（Gadus macrocephalus）、太平洋小鳕（Microgadus proximus）、裸盖鱼（Zaprora silenus）、北方光滑舌鳎（Leuroglossus schmidti）、胡瓜鱼（Thaleichthys pacificus）、毛鳞鱼（Mallotus villosus）、三刺鱼（Gasterosteus aculeatus）和太平洋沙鱼（Trichodon trichodon）。

我们比较了1994年5月至11月期间物种间的季节性大小、食性组成和食性重叠；描述了1995年夏季和秋季幼狭鳕和幼鲱的食性、猎物场及猎物选择，以及1996年夏季幼鲱、沙鳗和粉鲑的相关特征；研究了1995-1996年期间鱼类在多物种聚集（同域分布）与单物种聚集（异域分布）时的猎物转换和摄食减少情况，以测试竞争关系；并比较了三年间7月几种物种的食性组成年际变化。

出版物：

Purcell, J.E. 和 M.V. Sturdevant. 2001. 阿拉斯加威廉王子湾浮游动物食性水母与幼鱼的猎物选择及食性重叠. 《海洋生态进展系列》210:67-83.

Sturdevant, M.V., T.M. Willette, S.C. Jewett, E. Debevec, L.B. Hulbert, 和 A.L.J. Brase. 1999. 1994-1996年饵料鱼食性重叠研究. 埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号油轮泄漏恢复项目最终报告. 恢复项目97163C，3章：103页+图表. 埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号油轮泄漏受托人委员会（EVOS Trustee Council），阿拉斯加安克雷奇. 可获取于：http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M.V., T.M. Willette, S.C. Jewett, E. Debevec, L.B. Hulbert, 和 A.L.J. Brase. 1999. 1994-1996年阿拉斯加威廉王子湾每月采集的14种饵料鱼的食性组成、食性重叠及大小. 第10-37页（第1章），载于M.V.Sturdevant等编.《1994-1996年饵料鱼食性重叠研究》. 埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号油轮泄漏恢复项目最终报告，恢复项目97163C，103页+图表. EVOS受托人委员会，阿拉斯加安克雷奇. 可获取于：http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M.V., A.L.J.Brase, 和 L.B.Hulbert. 1999. 阿拉斯加威廉王子湾夏季和秋季当年生幼狭鳕（Theragra chalcogramma）和太平洋鲱（Clupea pallasi）的摄食、猎物场及潜在竞争. 第38-71页（第2章），载于M.V.Sturdevant等编.《1994-1996年饵料鱼食性重叠研究》. 埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号油轮泄漏恢复项目最终报告，恢复项目97163C，103页+图表. EVOS受托人委员会，阿拉斯加安克雷奇. 可获取于：http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M.V.B., A.L.J./ Brase, 和 L.B.Hulbert. 1999. 1996年威廉王子湾异域和同域分布饵料鱼物种间的食性重叠、猎物选择及潜在食物竞争. 第72-100页（第3章），载于M.V.Sturdevant等编.《1994-1996年饵料鱼食性重叠研究》. 埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号油轮泄漏恢复项目最终报告，恢复项目97163C，103页+图表. EVOS受托人委员会，阿拉斯加安克雷奇. 可获取于：http://www.arlis.org/

Sturdevant, M.V. 2001. 使用三种网目从阿拉斯加威廉王子湾20米垂直拖网获得的夏季浮游动物丰度和组成估算. 《阿拉斯加渔业研究公报》8:96-106.

Sturdevant, M.V., A.L.J.Brase, 和 L.B.Hulbert. 2001. 1994-1995年阿拉斯加威廉王子湾当年生幼狭鳕（Theragra chalcogramma）和太平洋鲱（Clupea pallasi）的摄食习性、猎物场及潜在竞争. 《渔业公报》99:482-501.