Female-biased froghoppers (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea) from the Mesozoic of China and phylogenetic reconstruction of early Cercopoidea

Cercopoidea is a diverse insect group, but its early evolution, disparity and ecology remain unclear. <i>Juroala daohugouensis</i> Chen &amp; Wang gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle–Upper Jurassic of north-eastern China, is established herein and described on the basis of 42 whole-bodied fossils, representing a new subfamily, Juroalinae subfam. nov. of the primitive family Sinoalidae. <i>Chengdecercopis</i> Hong, 1983 is transferred from Procercopidae to this new subfamily and <i>Stictocercopis</i> Fu &amp; Huang, 2018 is also attributed to the new subfamily. Fangyuanini Chen &amp; Wang trib. nov. is erected for <i>Fangyuania</i> Chen, Szwedo &amp; Wang, 2018 from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Our cladistic analyses recover the relationships within the Cercopoidea as follows: (Juroalinae + (Sinoalini + Fangyuanini)) + (Procercopidae + (Cercopionidae + five modern families)). The evolutionary history and morphological diversification in the Mesozoic is discussed based on our phylogenetic reconstruction. In addition, the abundant material in the present study not only indicates high intra-specific or even intra-individual variation caused by biological and/or taphonomic factors, but also reveals an extremely female-biased propensity, suggesting that the new taxon probably had adaptations to special palaeoenvironments in physiology, ecology and ethology (e.g. parthenogenesis and sociability). http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5EDD7D33-D509-4330-A01F-F41DF664E1C2

沫蝉总科（Cercopoidea）是一类多样性丰富的昆虫类群，但其早期演化历程、形态分异与生态特征至今仍不明晰。本文基于产自中国东北地区中晚侏罗世的42件完整虫体化石，建立并记述了侏罗沫蝉亚科（Juroalinae subfam. nov.）的新属新种——道乎都侏罗沫蝉（*Juroala daohugouensis* Chen & Wang gen. et sp. nov.），该类群隶属于原始类群中华沫蝉科（Sinoalidae）。将1983年Hong建立的承德沫蝉属（*Chengdecercopis* Hong, 1983）从原沫蝉科（Procercopidae）移入此新亚科，同时将2018年Fu与Huang发表的斑沫蝉属（*Stictocercopis* Fu & Huang, 2018）也归入该新亚科。为2018年Chen、Szwedo与Wang报道的产自白垩纪中期缅甸琥珀的方园沫蝉属（*Fangyuania* Chen, Szwedo & Wang, 2018）建立了方园沫蝉族（Fangyuanini Chen & Wang trib. nov.）。我们的支序系统学分析厘清了沫蝉总科的系统发育关系，其拓扑结构为：（侏罗沫蝉亚科 + （中华沫蝉族Sinoalini + 方园沫蝉族）） + （原沫蝉科 + （尖胸沫蝉科Cercopionidae + 5个现生科））。基于本次系统发育重建结果，本文探讨了沫蝉总科在中生代的演化历史与形态分异格局。此外，本研究的丰富标本材料不仅表明该类群存在由生物学及/或埋藏学因素导致的显著种内乃至个体内形态变异，还揭示出强烈的雌性偏向性种群结构，暗示该新类群可能在生理、生态与行为学层面（如孤雌生殖与社会性）适应了特殊的古环境。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5EDD7D33-D509-4330-A01F-F41DF664E1C2