Supplementary Material for: The association of neighborhood socioeconomic status with executive function and processing speed in cognitively normal Mexican Americans elders from the Health and Aging Brains Study – Health Disparities cohort

Introduction: Neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) has been linked with overall health, and this study will evaluate whether NSES is cross-sectionally associated with cognition in non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and Mexican Americans (MA) from the Health and Aging Brain: Health Disparities Study (HABS-HD). Methods: The HABS-HD is a longitudinal study conducted at the University of North Texas Health Science Center. The final sample analyzed (n=1312) were 50 years or older, with unimpaired cognition, and underwent an interview, neuropsychological examination, imaging, and blood draw. NSES was measured using the national area deprivation index (ADI) percentile ranking, which considered socioeconomic variables. Executive function and processing speed were assessed by the trail making tests (A and B) and the digit-symbol substitution test, respectively. Linear regression was used to assess the association of ADI and cognitive measures. Results: MA were younger, more likely to be female, less educated, had higher ADI scores, performed worse on trails B (all p<0.05), and have lower prevalence of APOE4+ (p<0.001), when compared to NHW. A higher percentage of MA lived in the most deprived neighborhoods than NHW. For NHW, ADI did not predict trails B or DSS scores, after adjusting for demographic variables and APOE4. For MA, ADI predicted trails A, trails B, and DSS after adjusting for demographic covariates and APOE4 status. Conclusion: Our study revealed that living in an area of higher deprivation was associated with lower cognitive function in MA but not in NHW, which is important to consider in future interventions to slow cognitive decline.

引言：邻里社会经济地位（Neighborhood socioeconomic status, NSES）与个体整体健康水平存在关联。本研究将评估来自「健康与衰老大脑：健康差异研究（Health and Aging Brain: Health Disparities Study, HABS-HD）」的非西班牙裔白人（Non-Hispanic Whites, NHW）与墨西哥裔美国人（Mexican Americans, MA）群体中，NSES与认知功能是否存在横断面关联。

方法：HABS-HD是一项在北德克萨斯大学健康科学中心开展的纵向研究。最终纳入分析的样本共1312例，均为50岁及以上、认知功能无损害的受试者，所有受试者均接受了访谈、神经心理学检查、影像学检查及血液样本采集。NSES采用纳入社会经济变量的全国区域贫困指数（National Area Deprivation Index, ADI）百分位排名进行衡量。执行功能与加工速度分别通过连线测验（A、B版）与数字符号替换测验进行评估。采用线性回归分析评估ADI与各项认知指标的关联。

结果：与非西班牙裔白人相比，墨西哥裔美国人年龄更小、女性占比更高、受教育程度更低、ADI得分更高、连线测验B版表现更差（所有p<0.05），且APOE4阳性检出率更低（p<0.001）。居住在最贫困社区的墨西哥裔美国人占比高于非西班牙裔白人。在调整人口统计学变量与APOE4基因型后，ADI无法预测非西班牙裔白人的连线测验B版或数字符号替换测验得分。而在调整人口统计学协变量与APOE4基因型状态后，ADI可显著预测墨西哥裔美国人的连线测验A版、连线测验B版及数字符号替换测验得分。

结论：本研究显示，居住在贫困程度更高的社区与墨西哥裔美国人更低的认知功能水平相关，但未在非西班牙裔白人中观察到该关联。这一发现对于未来开展延缓认知衰退的干预研究具有重要参考价值。