Supplementary information files for "The Family Mealtime Structure Questionnaire: Development and associations with child temperament, eating behaviour, parental feeding practices and food intake"

Supplementary files for article "The Family Mealtime Structure Questionnaire: Development and associations with child temperament, eating behaviour, parental feeding practices and food intake"This study aimed to a) develop a new measurement tool (The Family Mealtime Structure Questionnaire; FMSQ) to assess family mealtime structure at home and b) use the new measure to validate and explore relationships between mealtime structure and young children's temperament, eating behaviour, parental feeding practices and food intake. While existing research has explored aspects of mealtime structure, this is typically measured by individual questions or via one subscale within a broader questionnaire and there has been a call for a comprehensive assessment tool which captures specific multi-dimensional elements of mealtime structure to further our understanding. Mothers (N = 356) with a child 2-7-years-old completed the FMSQ alongside validated questionnaires assessing child temperament, parental feeding practices, child eating behaviour, and parent and child food intake. Exploratory Factor Analyses generated a five-factor model comprising: Eating together; Consistent mealtime settings; Involvement in mealtime preparation; Parental control; and, Distraction during mealtimes. Parents who reported greater instances of involving children in meal preparation, using a consistent mealtime setting, and eating together generally reported lower use of ‘coercive control’ feeding practices (e.g. restriction for health reasons, offering food as reward) and greater use of ‘autonomy promoting’ (e.g., nutrition education) and ‘structure’-based (e.g., monitoring, modelling) feeding practices. These parents were also more likely to report having children who were less fussy and who ate more fruits and vegetables, and fewer sweet foods (i.e. cakes/biscuits, sweets/chocolates). Findings further showed that families eating together less often were more likely to have more emotional children and children with lower levels of self-regulation. The results of this novel study highlight a range of factors that are associated with the use of structure around mealtimes and are valuable for supporting our understanding of when family mealtime structure could potentially be a suitable target of interventions to support healthy child development.© The Authors. CC-BY-NC 4.0

论文《家庭用餐结构问卷：开发及其与儿童气质、进食行为、父母喂养方式与食物摄入的关联》补充材料

本研究旨在达成两大研究目标：其一，开发一款全新的家庭用餐结构测评工具——家庭用餐结构问卷（Family Mealtime Structure Questionnaire, FMSQ），用于评估居家场景下的家庭用餐结构；其二，依托该新开发的测评工具，验证并探究用餐结构与幼儿气质、进食行为、父母喂养方式及食物摄入之间的关联。

尽管已有研究对用餐结构的多个维度展开了探索，但此类研究通常仅通过单一问题或宽泛问卷中的单个子量表进行测评，学界亟需一款能够覆盖用餐结构多维度具体要素的综合性测评工具，以深化相关领域的认知。

本研究纳入样本量N=356的育有2~7岁儿童的母亲作为被试，要求其填写FMSQ，同时完成已通过效度验证的系列问卷，以分别测评儿童气质、父母喂养方式、儿童进食行为，以及父母与儿童的食物摄入情况。

探索性因素分析（Exploratory Factor Analyses）结果显示，最终提取得到包含5个因子的模型：共同用餐、统一的用餐环境、儿童参与餐食准备、父母管控以及用餐时分心行为。

报告中提及更多让儿童参与餐食准备、维持统一用餐环境且经常共同用餐的父母，其使用“强制管控型”喂养方式（如出于健康原因限制进食、以食物作为奖励）的比例更低，而更倾向于采用“提升自主性型”（如营养知识宣教）与“结构导向型”（如监督、行为示范）的喂养方式。

此类父母也更有可能反馈称，其子女不易挑食、蔬果摄入量更高，且甜食（如蛋糕/饼干、糖果/巧克力）摄入更少。

研究结果进一步显示，共同用餐频率较低的家庭，其子女更易表现出情绪性特质且自我调控能力较弱。

本项创新性研究的结果揭示了一系列与家庭用餐结构实施相关的影响因素，有助于学界进一步明确家庭用餐结构可作为促进儿童健康发展的适宜干预靶点，兼具重要的理论与实践价值。© 作者本人，采用CC-BY-NC 4.0许可协议。