Table1_Detachment and transport of composition B detonation particles in rills.DOCX

The partial detonation of munitions used in military exercises leaves behind energetic particles on the surface of soil. Energetic particles deposited by incomplete detonations can then dissolve and be transported by overland flow and potentially contaminate ground and surface waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of transport of Composition B, a formulation that includes TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) during overland flow. The transport of Composition B was examined using a rill flume with three flow rates (165-, 265-, and 300-mL min−1) and four energetic particle sizes (4.75–9.51 mm, 2.83–4.75 mm, 2–2.83 mm, and <2 mm). After each erosion simulation, energetic particles remaining on the soil surface were measured along with energetics dissolved in runoff, in suspended sediment, and in infiltration. Smaller particle sizes led to greater transport in both solution and sediment. The properties of the energetic compounds also influenced transport. More TNT was transported in runoff than RDX, likely due to TNT’s higher solubility and dissolution rates, however, overall, dissolved energetics in runoff and infiltration accounted for very little of the total transport. Most transport of Composition B was the result of the physical movement of energetic particles and flakes by erosion forces. This study’s results allow for improved prediction of Composition B transport during overland flow.

军事演习中使用的弹药局部起爆后，会在土壤表面留下含能颗粒（energetic particles）。不完全起爆所沉积的含能颗粒可发生溶解，并通过坡面径流进行迁移，进而有可能污染地下水与地表水。本研究旨在探究B炸药（Composition B）在坡面径流过程中的迁移机制，B炸药是一种包含三硝基甲苯（TNT，2,4,6-trinitrotoluene）和黑索金（RDX，hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine）的混合炸药配方。本研究采用细沟水槽（rill flume）开展实验，设置3组流速梯度（165、265、300 mL·min⁻¹）与4种含能颗粒粒径区间（4.75–9.51 mm、2.83–4.75 mm、2–2.83 mm及<2 mm），以此考察B炸药的迁移行为。每次侵蚀模拟结束后，分别测定土壤表面残留的含能颗粒，以及径流、悬浮泥沙与入渗水中溶解的含能物质含量。粒径更小的含能颗粒在溶液相与泥沙相中的迁移量均更高。含能化合物自身的理化性质同样会对迁移过程产生影响。径流中迁移的TNT含量高于RDX，这可能源于TNT更高的溶解度与溶解速率；但整体而言，径流与入渗水中溶解的含能物质仅占总迁移量的极小比例。B炸药的绝大多数迁移均源于侵蚀作用力驱动下含能颗粒与碎屑的物理位移。本研究结果可为坡面径流过程中B炸药的迁移行为预测提供优化依据。