yorku.ecology.october3-2016**DRAFT4**.csv

Variables<br><br>Census - week number the data was collected.<br>Calendar date - date data was collected. Month/day.<br>Campus - university from where data was collected.<br>Group_ID - identification tag of group that collected the data.<br>Lat - latitude approximated using Google Maps.<br>Long - longitude approximated using Google Maps.<br>Elevation - approximated elevation.<br>Rep - data collection number.<br><br>abundance.native.plants - number of native plants, determined by aid of teacher assistant. A plant was classified as native if it originated in its respective habitat.<br><br>abundance.exotic.plants - number of exotic plants, determined by aid of teacher assistant. A plant was classified as exotic if it originated outside its respective habitat.<br><br>total.number.flowers(quadrats) - flower abundance measured by quadrats. Only flowers whose roots were inside the quadrat were counted.<br><br>abundance.woody.plants - number of woody plants, i.e. trees. A tree was defined to be at least 1.5m in height.<br><br>canopy.cover - approximated percentage sky is covered by tree canopy.<br><br>ground.cover - approximated percentage ground is covered by vegetation.<br><br>total.flower.numbers(transect) - flower abundance measured by transects (0.5m of transect).<br><br>abundance.vertebrate - number of vertebrates. Vertebrate defined as an animal with a structural backbone.<br><br>vertebrate.species - number of species of vertebrates, distinguished morphologically.<br><br>abundance.human - number of humans.<br><br>abundance.invertebrates.pantraps - number of invertebrates captured by pantraps.<br><br>abundance.invertebrates.sweep - number of invertebrates captured by sweep nets.<br><br>Methods<br><br>Data was collected across four observers and later compiled into a single digital document.<br>Data collected approximately from 15:00 to 17:00 on October 3, 2016 at the York University's designated "grasslands" and "disturbed area." Conditions were cloudy, mild temperatures.<br>The process of collecting data was repeated twice. Once in the grasslands, and then again the disturbed area.<br>All abundances were counted if they were in direct vision of the observer, and were clearly visible.<br><br>Two transects were combined to encompass a 50m distance. Most collection of data used the transects as a reference point.<br>25 quadrats were placed in each habitat, distanced apart by 2 meters from the last, while also alternating left and right of the transect.<br>An observer would count the abundance of native and exotic plants in the quadrat, as well as the number of flower heads.<br><br>An observer would walk along the transect. Every 2 meters, they would approximate the abundance of trees and flowers, as well as canopy coverage and vegetative ground coverage. Coverages were approximated as percentages.<br><br>An observer walked counter-clockwise around each habitat for 15 minutes to count vertebrate, invertebrate, and human abundances.<br>The transect aided in visualizing the 50m observation range.<br>Any vertebrate directly above the observer was not counted.<br>Humans in vehicles were not counted in human abundance, as well as humans that made multiple appearances were not counted. There was no minimum time for a human to be considered in a habitat, just so long as they remained in range for the observer to make note.<br><br>An observer placed six pan traps in alternating color order. They were placed at 15:00 at grasslands, picked up at 16:06, while placed at 16:30 in the disturbance area, and picked up at 17:00).<br>The pan traps were distanced along the transect, 3 meters apart from the last.<br>10 sweep nets traveled 50m along the transect to capture invertebrates. 5 sweep nets on each side of the transect.<br><br>Hypothesis:<br>Overall diversity of life, represented as abundances, canopy coverages, etc., would be greater in the grasslands than in the disturbance area.<br><br>Prediction:<br>1. The grasslands will have a greater canopy coverage than in the disturbed area.<br>2. The disturbed area will have a reduced invertebrate/vertebrate abundance than in the grasslands.<br>3. The disturbed area will have a reduced flower abundance than in the grasslands.<br>

变量

1. 普查周：数据采集所在的周序数
2. 日历日期：数据采集日期，格式为月/日
3. 采集院校：数据来源的高校
4. 采集组编号：数据采集小组的识别标签
5. 纬度：通过谷歌地图估算得到的纬度值
6. 经度：通过谷歌地图估算得到的经度值
7. 海拔高度：估算得到的海拔值
8. 重复轮次：数据采集的轮次编号

本土植物丰度：经助教协助统计的本土植物数量。本土植物定义为起源于对应生境的植物。
外来植物丰度：经助教协助统计的外来植物数量。外来植物定义为起源于对应生境以外区域的植物。
样方法花卉总数量：通过样方法测定的花卉丰度。仅统计根系位于样方范围内的花卉。
木本植物丰度：木本植物（即乔木）的数量。乔木定义为株高不低于1.5米的植物。
树冠盖度：估算得到的天空被乔木树冠覆盖的百分比。
地表盖度：估算得到的地面被植被覆盖的百分比。
样带法花卉总数量：通过样带法测定的花卉丰度（单段样带长度为0.5米）。
脊椎动物丰度：脊椎动物的数量。脊椎动物定义为具有结构脊椎骨的动物。
脊椎动物物种数：通过形态学特征区分得到的脊椎动物物种数量。
人类丰度：观测范围内的人类个体数量。
泛诱捕器捕获无脊椎动物丰度：通过泛诱捕器采集到的无脊椎动物数量。
扫网法捕获无脊椎动物丰度：通过扫网采集到的无脊椎动物数量。

数据采集方法

本次数据由4名观测者分别采集，后汇总至单一电子文档中。
数据采集时间为2016年10月3日15:00至17:00左右，采集地点为约克大学划定的"草原生境"与"干扰区域"，当日天气为阴天，气温温和。
数据采集流程重复两次：首先在草原生境开展采集，随后在干扰区域进行第二次采集。
所有丰度统计仅针对观测者直视范围内且清晰可见的目标。

将两条样带合并为总长度50米的采样带，多数数据采集以该样带为参照基准。
每个生境中布设25个样方，样方间距为2米，且沿样带交替布置于左侧与右侧。
观测者需统计样方内的本土与外来植物丰度，以及花序头数。

观测者沿样带行进，每间隔2米估算一次乔木与花卉的丰度，以及树冠盖度和地表植被盖度，盖度以百分比形式估算。

观测者沿每个生境的逆时针方向绕行15分钟，统计脊椎动物、无脊椎动物及人类的丰度。样带用于辅助划定50米的观测范围。
观测者正上方的脊椎动物不纳入统计。
乘车的人类不计入人类丰度统计，重复出现的人类也不重复计数。人类被计入统计的时长无最低要求，仅需观测者可在观测范围内记录到该个体即可。

观测者按颜色交替顺序布设6个泛诱捕器：于15:00在草原生境布设诱捕器，16:06回收；于16:30在干扰区域布设诱捕器，17:00回收。
泛诱捕器沿样带布设，相邻诱捕器间距为3米。
沿50米样带开展10次扫网采样以采集无脊椎动物，样带两侧各布设5次采样。

研究假设

以丰度、树冠盖度等指标表征的整体生物多样性，在草原生境中将高于干扰区域。

研究预测
1. 草原生境的树冠盖度将高于干扰区域。
2. 干扰区域的无脊椎动物与脊椎动物丰度将低于草原生境。
3. 干扰区域的花卉丰度将低于草原生境。