Data from: Elevated CO2 induces substantial and persistent declines in forage quality irrespective of warming in mixedgrass prairie

Increasing atmospheric [CO2] and temperature are expected to affect the productivity, species composition, biogeochemistry, and therefore the quantity and quality of forage available to herbivores in rangeland ecosystems. Both elevated CO2 (eCO2) and warming affect plant tissue chemistry through multiple direct and indirect pathways, such that the cumulative outcomes of these effects are difficult to predict. Here, we report on a 7-year study examining effects of CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppm) and infrared warming (+1.5°C day/3°C night) under realistic field conditions on forage quality and quantity in a semiarid, mixedgrass prairie. For the 3 dominant forage grasses, warming effects on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and tissue [N] were detected only in certain years, varied from negative to positive, and were relatively minor. In contrast, eCO2 substantially reduced IVDMD (2 most abundant grasses) and [N] (all 3 dominant grass species) in most years, except the two wettest years. Furthermore, eCO2 reduced IVDMD and [N] independent of warming effects. Reduced IVDMD with eCO2 was related both to reduced [N] and increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of grass tissues. For the 6 most abundant forage species (representing 96% of total forage production), combined warming+eCO2 increased forage production by 38% and reduced forage [N] by 13% relative to ambient climate. Although the absolute magnitude of the decline in IVDMD and [N] due to combined warming+eCO2 may seem small (e.g. from 63.3 to 61.1% IVDMD and 1.25 to 1.04% [N] for Pascopyrum smithii), such shifts could have substantial consequences for the rate at which ruminants gain weight during the primary growing season in the largest remaining rangeland ecosystem in North America. With forage production increases, declining forage quality could potentially be mitigated by adaptively increasing stocking rates, and through management such as prescribed burning, fertilization at low rates, and legume interseeding to enhance forage quality.

大气二氧化碳浓度升高与气温上升，预计将影响草原生态系统的生产力、物种组成、生物地球化学循环，进而影响草食动物可获取饲草的数量与质量。高二氧化碳浓度（elevated CO2，简称eCO2）与红外增温均可通过多种直接和间接途径改变植物组织化学特性，因此这些因素的综合效应难以预测。本研究针对半干旱混合草草原（semiarid mixedgrass prairie），在真实田间条件下开展了为期7年的试验，探究二氧化碳富集（至600 ppm）与红外增温（日间增温1.5℃/夜间增温3℃）对饲草产量与品质的影响。针对3种优势饲草禾草，仅在部分年份检测到增温对体外干物质消化率（in vitro dry matter digestibility，简称IVDMD）与组织氮浓度（[N]）的影响，其效应从负向到正向不等，且整体影响相对微弱。与之形成对比的是，除降水最多的两年外，高二氧化碳浓度（eCO2）在多数年份显著降低了两种优势禾草的体外干物质消化率（IVDMD），以及所有3种优势禾草的组织氮浓度（[N]）。此外，高二氧化碳浓度（eCO2）对体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）与组织氮浓度（[N]）的降低效应不受增温影响。高二氧化碳浓度（eCO2）下体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）的降低，与禾草组织的氮浓度降低以及酸性洗涤纤维（acid detergent fiber，简称ADF）含量升高均存在关联。针对占总饲草产量96%的6种优势饲草物种，相较于对照气候（ambient climate），增温与高二氧化碳浓度复合处理使饲草产量提升38%，同时使饲草氮浓度降低13%。尽管增温与高二氧化碳浓度复合处理导致的体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）与氮浓度（[N]）下降的绝对幅度看似较小（例如，细茎冰草（Pascopyrum smithii）的IVDMD从63.3%降至61.1%，[N]从1.25%降至1.04%），但这类变化可能对北美现存最大草原生态系统中反刍动物在主要生长季的增重速率产生显著影响。随着饲草产量提升，可通过适应性提高载畜率，以及采取控制性焚烧、低剂量施肥、豆科植物混播以改善饲草品质等管理措施，潜在缓解饲草品质下降的问题。