Data Sheet 1_Gut microbiota mediated T cells regulation and autoimmune diseases.xlsx

Gut microbiota regulates the immune system, the development and progression of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and overall health. Recent studies have played a crucial part in understanding the specific role of different gut bacterial strains and their metabolites in different AIDs. Microbial signatures in AIDs are revealed by advanced sequencing and metabolomics studies. Microbes such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacteroides sp., Roseburia sp., Blautia sp., Blautia faecis, Clostridium lavalense, Christensenellaceae sp., Coprococcus sp., Firmicutes sp., Ruminococcaceae sp., Lachnospiraceae sp., Megamonas sp., Monoglobus sp., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bifidobacterium sp. help maintain immune homeostasis; whereas, Prevotella copri, Ruminococcus gnavus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Enterococcus gallinarum, Elizabeth menigoseptica, Collinsella sp., Escherichia sp., Fusobacterium sp., Enterobacter ludwigii, Enterobacteriaceae sp., Proteobacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas nigrescens, Dorea sp., and Clostridium sp. cause immuno-pathogenesis. A complex web of interactions is revealed by understanding the influence of gut microbiota on immune cells and various T cell subsets such as CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, etc. Certain AIDs, including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, atopic asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exhibit a state of dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in microbial diversity and relative abundance of specific taxa. This review summarizes recent developments in understanding the role of certain microbiota composition in specific AIDs, and the factors affecting specific regulatory T cells through certain microbial metabolites and also focuses the potential application and therapeutic significance of gut microbiota-based interventions as novel adjunctive therapies for AIDs. Further research to determine the precise association of each gut bacterial strain in specific diseases is required.

肠道菌群（gut microbiota）可调控免疫系统、自身免疫疾病（autoimmune diseases, 简称AIDs）的发生发展与整体健康状态。近期研究在阐明不同肠道菌株及其代谢物在各类AIDs中的具体作用方面发挥了关键作用。借助高通量测序（advanced sequencing）与代谢组学（metabolomics）技术开展的相关研究，已揭示了AIDs患者的微生物特征。其中，普拉梭菌（Faecalibacterium prausnitzii）、嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌（Akkermansia muciniphila）、粪厌氧棍状菌（Anaerostipes caccae）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides sp.）、罗斯氏菌属（Roseburia sp.）、布劳特氏菌属（Blautia sp.）、粪布劳特氏菌（Blautia faecis）、拉瓦梭菌（Clostridium lavalense）、克里斯滕森菌科属（Christensenellaceae sp.）、粪球菌属（Coprococcus sp.）、厚壁菌门属（Firmicutes sp.）、瘤胃球菌科属（Ruminococcaceae sp.）、毛螺菌科属（Lachnospiraceae sp.）、巨单胞菌属（Megamonas sp.）、单球菌属（Monoglobus sp.）、肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus pneumoniae）及双歧杆菌属（Bifidobacterium sp.）等菌群有助于维持免疫稳态；而普氏菌（Prevotella copri）、格氏瘤胃球菌（Ruminococcus gnavus）、唾液乳杆菌（Lactobacillus salivarius）、鸡肠球菌（Enterococcus gallinarum）、脑膜脓毒性伊丽莎白菌（Elizabeth menigoseptica）、柯林斯菌属（Collinsella sp.）、埃希氏菌属（Escherichia sp.）、梭杆菌属（Fusobacterium sp.）、路德维希肠杆菌（Enterobacter ludwigii）、肠杆菌科属（Enterobacteriaceae sp.）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas gingivalis）、变黑卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas nigrescens）、多尔氏菌属（Dorea sp.）及梭菌属（Clostridium sp.）等则可引发免疫病理反应。阐明肠道菌群对免疫细胞及各类T细胞亚群（T cell subsets），如CD4+T细胞（CD4+ T cells）、CD8+T细胞（CD8+ T cells）、自然杀伤T细胞（natural killer T cells）、γδT细胞（γδ T cells）等的调控作用，可揭示其相互作用的复杂网络。类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis）、糖尿病（diabetes mellitus）、特应性哮喘（atopic asthma）、炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease）及非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non-alcoholic fatty liver disease）等多种AIDs均存在菌群失调（dysbiosis）状态，其特征为微生物多样性改变及特定类群的相对丰度异常。本综述总结了当前学界在阐明特定菌群组成在特定AIDs中的作用、以及微生物代谢物调控特定调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells）的相关影响因素方面的最新进展，并重点探讨了基于肠道菌群的干预手段作为AIDs新型辅助疗法（adjunctive therapies）的潜在应用价值与治疗意义。未来仍需开展进一步研究，以明确每一种肠道菌株与特定疾病之间的精准关联。