Table 1_Preparation, structural characteristics and immune regulatory effects of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides: a review.docx

Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPPs), a class of representative bioactive compounds derived from Codonopsis pilosula, have attracted considerable attention recently as natural immunomodulators due to their wide range of biological activities and favorable safety profile. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the extraction and purification methods, chemical structural features, immunomodulatory mechanisms, and the impact of structural modifications on the immunological functions of CPPs. Notably, this work emphasizes the integration of structural modification strategies with immunomodulatory mechanisms, a perspective rarely highlighted in previous reviews. Special attention is given to the macrophage-centered TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, which plays a pivotal role in coordinating adaptive immune responses through cytokine-mediated interactions with T and B lymphocytes. Structural modification strategies, such as sulfation, phosphorylation, selenization, and nano-carrier incorporation, have significantly enhanced the stability, bioavailability, and immunoregulatory effectiveness of CPPs. Furthermore, this review addresses current challenges, including structural heterogeneity, lack of standardization, and limited clinical evidence. This work aims to provide a valuable reference for future research and applications of CPPs as immunotherapeutic agents and functional food ingredients.

党参多糖（Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides, CPPs）是一类源自党参的典型生物活性成分，近年来因其广泛的生物学活性与良好的安全性，作为天然免疫调节剂受到广泛关注。本综述全面概述了党参多糖在提取纯化方法、化学结构特征、免疫调节机制以及结构修饰对其免疫功能影响方面的最新研究进展。值得注意的是，本综述着重强调了结构修饰策略与免疫调节机制的结合，这一视角在既往综述中鲜有提及。其中特别关注了以巨噬细胞为核心的TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路，该通路通过细胞因子介导与T、B淋巴细胞的相互作用，在协调适应性免疫应答中发挥关键作用。诸如硫酸化、磷酸化、硒化以及纳米载体负载等结构修饰策略，显著提升了党参多糖的稳定性、生物利用度与免疫调节效能。此外，本综述还探讨了当前面临的挑战，包括结构异质性、标准化缺失以及临床证据不足等问题。本综述旨在为党参多糖作为免疫治疗药物与功能性食品成分的后续研究及应用提供有价值的参考依据。