Effects of climate and land-cover change on the conservation status of gibbons

<strong>Abstract</strong> Species shift their distribution in response to climate and land-cover change, which may result in a spatial mismatch between currently protected areas (PAs) and priority conservation areas (PCAs). We examined the effects of climate and land-cover change on potential range gibbons and sought to identify PCAs that would conserve them effectively. We collected global gibbon occurrence points and modeled (ecological niche model) their current and potential 2050s ranges under climate change and different landcover change scenarios. We examined change in range and PA coverage between the current and future ranges of each gibbon species. We applied spatial conservation prioritization to identify the top 30% PCAs for each species. We then determined how much of the PCAs are conserved in each country within the global range of gibbons. On average 31% (SD 22) of each species’ current range was covered in PAs. Protected-area coverage of the current range of 9 species was &lt;30%. Nine species lost on average 46% (SD 29) of their potential range due to climate change. Under climate change with an optimistic land-cover change scenario (B1), 12 species lost 39% (SD 28) of their range. In a pessimistic land-cover-change scenario (A2), 15 species lost 36% (SD 28) of their range. Five species lost significantly more range under the A2 scenario than the B1 scenario (<em>p</em> = 0.01, SD 0.01), suggesting that gibbons will benefit from effective land-cover management. Protected-area coverage of future range was &lt;30% for 11 species. On average 32% (SD 25) of PCAs was covered by PAs. Indonesia contained more species and PCAs and thus has the greatest responsibility for gibbon conservation. Indonesia, India, and Myanmar need to expand their PAs to fulfill their responsibility to gibbon conservation. Our results provide a baseline for global gibbon conservation, particularly for countries lacking gibbon research capacity. <br> Dataset here: 1 Environmental variables for modeling 2 Potential range for each gibbon (Present-absence Maps) 3 Priority conservation areas (PCAs) maps <br> Please cites this data by our publication: Now it have been accepted, we will update the cites latter <br>

**摘要**
物种会因气候与土地覆盖变化而改变分布范围，这可能导致现有保护区（Protected Areas, PAs）与优先保护区域（Priority Conservation Areas, PCAs）之间出现空间错配。本研究探讨了气候与土地覆盖变化对长臂猿潜在分布范围的影响，并旨在识别可有效保护它们的优先保护区域。我们收集了全球长臂猿的出现点位数据，并基于生态位模型（ecological niche model）模拟了当前及2050年代的潜在分布范围，模拟情景涵盖气候变化与不同土地覆盖变化方案。我们分析了各长臂猿物种当前与未来分布范围之间的范围变化及保护区覆盖情况。我们采用空间保护优先级分析方法，为每个物种识别出排名前30%的优先保护区域。随后我们统计了长臂猿全球分布范围内各国家的优先保护区域的受保护占比。
各物种当前分布范围的平均保护区覆盖率为31%（标准差SD=22）。有9个物种的当前分布范围保护区覆盖率低于30%。受气候变化影响，9个物种的潜在分布范围平均损失46%（标准差SD=29）。在气候变化叠加乐观土地覆盖变化情景（B1）下，12个物种的分布范围平均损失39%（标准差SD=28）。在悲观土地覆盖变化情景（A2）下，15个物种的分布范围平均损失36%（标准差SD=28）。有5个物种在A2情景下的分布范围损失量显著高于B1情景（P=0.01，标准差SD=0.01），这表明长臂猿将从有效的土地覆盖管理中获益。有11个物种的未来分布范围保护区覆盖率低于30%。优先保护区域的平均保护区覆盖率为32%（标准差SD=25）。
印度尼西亚拥有的长臂猿物种与优先保护区域数量最多，因此在长臂猿保护方面承担着最大责任。印度尼西亚、印度与缅甸需要扩大其保护区范围，以履行长臂猿保护职责。本研究结果为全球长臂猿保护提供了基准参考，尤其是针对缺乏长臂猿研究能力的国家。

本数据集包含以下内容：1 建模用环境变量；2 各长臂猿物种的潜在分布范围（存在-缺失分布图）；3 优先保护区域（Priority Conservation Areas, PCAs）分布图。

请引用本数据集对应的已录用论文，后续我们将更新正式引用格式。