The Evolving External Orientation of Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from Four Countries

Significant changes in the external orientation of manufacturing industries are observed in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, but not in Japan. The observed increases in external orientation are in terms of industry export shares, import penetration, and imported input use in

美国、加拿大和英国的制造业外部导向（external orientation）出现了显著变化，但日本未观察到此类变化。观察到的外部导向提升体现在行业出口份额、进口渗透率以及进口投入使用等方面。