祁连山综合观测网：黑河流域地表过程综合观测网（大满超级站气象要素梯度观测系统-2021）

该数据集包含了2021年1月1日至2021年12月31日黑河流域地表过程综合观测网中游大满超级站气象要素梯度观测系统数据。站点位于甘肃省张掖市大满灌区农田内，下垫面是玉米田。观测点的经纬度是100.3722E, 38.8555N，海拔1556m。风速/风向、空气温度、相对湿度传感器分别架设在3m、5m、10m、15m、20m、30m、40m处，共7层，朝向正北；气压计安装在2m处；翻斗式雨量计安装在塔西侧约8m处，架高2.5m；四分量辐射仪安装在12m处，朝向正南；两个红外温度计安装在12m处，朝向正南，探头朝向是垂直向下；土壤热流板（自校正式）（3块）依次埋设在地下6cm处，朝向正南距离塔体2m处，其中两块（Gs_2、Gs_3）埋设在棵间，一块（Gs_1）埋设在植株下面；平均土壤温度传感器TCAV埋设在地下2cm、4cm处，朝向正南，距离塔体2m处；土壤温度探头埋设在地表0cm和地下2cm、4cm、10cm、20cm、40cm、80cm、120cm和160cm处，在距离气象塔2m的正南方；土壤水分传感器分别埋设在地下2cm、4cm、10cm、20cm、40cm、80cm、120cm和160cm处，在距离气象塔2m的正南方；光合有效辐射仪安装在12m处，探头朝向是垂直向上；另有四个光合有效辐射仪分别架设在冠层上方和冠层内，冠层上方安装在12m（探头垂直向上和向下方向各一个）、冠层内安装在0.3m（探头垂直向上和向下方向各一个）高处，朝向正南。
观测项目有：风速（WS_3m、WS_5m、WS_10m、WS_15m、WS_20m、WS_30m、WS_40m）(单位：米/秒)、风向（WD_3m、WD_5m、WD_10m、WD_15m、WD_20m、WD_30m、WD_40m）(单位：度)、空气温湿度（Ta_3m、Ta_5m、Ta_10m、Ta_15m、Ta_20m、Ta_30m、Ta_40m和RH_3m、RH_5m、RH_10m、RH_15m、RH_20m、RH_30m、RH_40m）(单位：摄氏度、百分比)、气压（Press）(单位：百帕)、降水量（Rain）(单位：毫米)、四分量辐射（DR、UR、DLR_Cor、ULR_Cor、Rn）(单位：瓦/平方米)、地表辐射温度（IRT_1、IRT_2）(单位：摄氏度)、平均土壤温度（TCAV）(单位：摄氏度)、土壤热通量（Gs_1、Gs_2、Gs_3）(单位：瓦/平方米)、土壤水分（Ms_2cm、Ms_4cm、Ms_10cm、Ms_20cm、Ms_40cm、Ms_80cm、Ms_120cm、Ms_160cm）(单位：百分比)、土壤温度（Ts_0cm、Ts_2cm、Ts_4cm、Ts_10cm、Ts_20cm、Ts_40cm、Ts_80cm、Ts_120cm、Ts_160cm）(单位：摄氏度) 、光合有效辐射（PAR）(单位：微摩尔/平方米秒)、冠层上向上与向下光合有效辐射（PAR_U_up、PAR_U_down）(单位：微摩尔/平方米秒)和冠层下向上与向下光合有效辐射（PAR_D_up、PAR_D_down）(单位：微摩尔/平方米秒)。
观测数据的处理与质量控制：（1）确保每天144个数据（每10min），若出现数据的缺失，则由-6999标示；2021.5.15-6.12由于供电问题，土壤部分数据缺失；由于探头出现问题，平均土壤温度在9月28日后数据错误。（2）剔除有重复记录的时刻；（3）删除了明显超出物理意义或超出仪器量程的数据；（4）数据中以红字标示的部分为有疑问的数据；（5）日期和时间的格式统一，并且日期、时间在同一列。如，时间为：2021-6-10 10:30。
黑河综合观测网或站点信息请参考Liu et al. (2018)，观测数据处理请参考Liu et al. (2011)。

This dataset contains data from the meteorological element gradient observation system at the Daman Super Station in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin Surface Process Comprehensive Observation Network, covering the period from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021. The station is located in the farmland of the Daman Irrigation District, Zhangye City, Gansu Province, with the underlying surface being cornfield. The coordinates of the observation site are 100.3722°E, 38.8555°N, and the elevation is 1556 m. Anemometers (for wind speed and direction) and air temperature/relative humidity sensors were installed at 7 heights: 3 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m, and 40 m, facing due north; Barometers were installed at 2 m; Tipping-bucket rain gauges were installed approximately 8 m west of the tower, at a height of 2.5 m; Four-component radiometers were installed at 12 m, facing due south; Two infrared thermometers were installed at 12 m, facing due south, with their probes pointing vertically downward; Soil heat flux plates (self-calibrating, 3 in total) were buried at 6 cm underground, 2 m away from the tower and facing due south. Among them, two plates (Gs_2, Gs_3) were buried between crop rows, and one plate (Gs_1) was buried under the plants; Average soil temperature sensors (TCAV) were buried at 2 cm and 4 cm underground, 2 m away from the tower and facing due south; Soil temperature probes were installed at 0 cm (surface) and 2 cm, 4 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, and 160 cm underground, at a position 2 m due south of the meteorological tower; Soil moisture sensors were buried at 2 cm, 4 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, and 160 cm underground, at a position 2 m due south of the meteorological tower; Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors were installed at 12 m, with their probes pointing vertically upward; Additionally, four PAR sensors were installed above and within the crop canopy: two at 12 m above the canopy (one probe pointing vertically upward, the other downward) and two at 0.3 m within the canopy (one probe pointing vertically upward, the other downward), all facing due south.

Observation items include:
1. Wind speed (WS_3m, WS_5m, WS_10m, WS_15m, WS_20m, WS_30m, WS_40m) (unit: m/s)
2. Wind direction (WD_3m, WD_5m, WD_10m, WD_15m, WD_20m, WD_30m, WD_40m) (unit: degree)
3. Air temperature and relative humidity (Ta_3m, Ta_5m, Ta_10m, Ta_15m, Ta_20m, Ta_30m, Ta_40m; RH_3m, RH_5m, RH_10m, RH_15m, RH_20m, RH_30m, RH_40m) (unit: °C, %)
4. Atmospheric pressure (Press) (unit: hPa)
5. Precipitation (Rain) (unit: mm)
6. Four-component radiation (DR, UR, DLR_Cor, ULR_Cor, Rn) (unit: W/m²)
7. Surface radiation temperature (IRT_1, IRT_2) (unit: °C)
8. Average soil temperature (TCAV) (unit: °C)
9. Soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, Gs_3) (unit: W/m²)
10. Soil moisture (Ms_2cm, Ms_4cm, Ms_10cm, Ms_20cm, Ms_40cm, Ms_80cm, Ms_120cm, Ms_160cm) (unit: %)
11. Soil temperature (Ts_0cm, Ts_2cm, Ts_4cm, Ts_10cm, Ts_20cm, Ts_40cm, Ts_80cm, Ts_120cm, Ts_160cm) (unit: °C)
12. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (unit: μmol/(m²·s))
13. Upward and downward PAR above the canopy (PAR_U_up, PAR_U_down) (unit: μmol/(m²·s))
14. Upward and downward PAR within the canopy (PAR_D_up, PAR_D_down) (unit: μmol/(m²·s))

Data processing and quality control:
1. A total of 144 records per day (10-minute interval) are ensured. Missing data are marked with -6999. Partial soil data were missing from May 15 to June 12, 2021 due to power supply issues. Data of average soil temperature became erroneous after September 28 due to sensor probe malfunctions.
2. Duplicate records at the same timestamp were removed.
3. Data that obviously exceeded physical limits or instrument measurement ranges were deleted.
4. Data marked in red are considered questionable.
5. The date and time formats are unified, and date and time are recorded in the same column. For example, the timestamp format is: 2021-6-10 10:30.

For information about the Heihe River Comprehensive Observation Network or this station, please refer to Liu et al. (2018). For data processing procedures, please refer to Liu et al. (2011).

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集是2021年黑河流域地表过程综合观测网中游大满超级站的气象要素梯度观测数据，站点位于甘肃省张掖市玉米田内，海拔1556米。观测项目涵盖风速、风向、空气温湿度、降水、辐射、土壤温湿度等多层梯度要素，时间分辨率为小时级，数据经过严格质量控制，用于地表过程研究。