Table_1_Bioactive Components From Gracilaria rubra With Growth Inhibition on HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells and Anti-inflammatory Capacity in RAW 264.7 Macrophages.docx

Gracilaria rubra is rich in bioactive compounds with various potential health benefits. This study aimed to elucidate the profile of both extractable bioactive components (EBCs) and non-extractable bioactive components (NEBCs) of G. rubra and determine their anti-colon cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Both EBCs and NEBCs displayed strong suppressive effects on the viability of HCT116 cells, which causes cell cycle arrest, induces cellular apoptosis, and regulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and tumor suppressor proteins. Additionally, EBCs and NEBCs from G. rubra displayed anti-inflammatory functions via inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages and regulating the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). These findings provide a rationale for animal and human studies designed to evaluate the chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory potential of these bioactive compounds from G. rubra.

红江蓠（Gracilaria rubra）富含多种具有潜在健康益处的生物活性成分。本研究旨在阐明红江蓠中可提取生物活性成分（extractable bioactive components, EBCs）与不可提取生物活性成分（non-extractable bioactive components, NEBCs）的组成特征，并探究其抗结肠癌与抗炎活性。两类成分均对HCT116细胞的活力表现出显著抑制作用，可诱导细胞周期阻滞、触发细胞凋亡，并调控细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶（cyclin-dependent kinases, CDKs）与抑癌蛋白的表达水平。此外，红江蓠来源的可提取与不可提取生物活性成分可通过抑制活化巨噬细胞中一氧化氮（nitric oxide, NO）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species, ROS）与促炎细胞因子的生成，同时调控环氧合酶-2（cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS）、NADPH-醌氧化还原酶-1（NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1, NQO-1）与血红素氧合酶1（heme oxygenase 1, HO-1）的表达水平，从而发挥抗炎功能。本研究结果为后续开展动物与人体试验以评估红江蓠来源的此类生物活性成分的化学预防与抗炎潜力提供了理论依据。