Data_Sheet_1_Changes in Human Milk Fat Globule Composition Throughout Lactation: A Review.PDF

There has been a growing interest in understanding how the relative levels of human milk fat globule (MFG) components change over the course of lactation, how they differ between populations, and implications of these changes for the health of the infant. In this article, we describe studies published over the last 30 years which have investigated components of the MFG in term milk, focusing on changes over the course of lactation and highlighting infant and maternal factors that may influence these changes. We then consider how the potential health benefits of some of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components and derived ingredients relate to compositional and functional aspects and how these change throughout lactation. The results show that the concentrations of phospholipids, gangliosides, cholesterol, fatty acids and proteins vary throughout lactation, and such changes are likely to reflect the changing requirements of the growing infant. There is a lack of consistent trends for changes in phospholipids and gangliosides across lactation which may reflect different methodological approaches. Other factors such as maternal diet and geographical location have been shown to influence human MFGM composition. The majority of research on the health benefits of MFGM have been conducted using MFGM ingredients derived from bovine milk, and using animal models which have clearly demonstrated the role of the MFGM in supporting cognitive and immune health of infants at different stages of growth and development.

学界对解析人乳脂肪球（milk fat globule, MFG）组分的相对水平在泌乳周期中的变化规律、不同人群间的差异，以及这些变化对婴儿健康的影响愈发关注。本文梳理了近30年间已发表的、针对足月分娩人乳中MFG组分的研究，重点关注泌乳周期中的组分变化，并梳理了可能影响这些变化的婴儿与母体相关因素。随后本文探讨了部分乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane, MFGM）组分及其衍生成分的潜在健康益处与其组成及功能特性的关联，以及这些特性在泌乳周期中的变化规律。研究结果显示，磷脂、神经节苷脂、胆固醇、脂肪酸与蛋白质的浓度在泌乳周期中存在动态变化，此类变化或可反映发育中婴儿的营养需求演变。目前针对泌乳周期中磷脂与神经节苷脂的变化尚未形成统一的研究结论，这或许与不同研究采用的实验方法存在差异有关。已有研究表明，母体饮食、地理位置等其他因素同样会影响人乳MFGM的组成。目前多数针对MFGM健康益处的研究均采用牛乳来源的MFGM成分，并借助动物模型开展，相关研究已明确证实MFGM在支持婴儿不同生长发育阶段的认知与免疫健康方面发挥着重要作用。