Data from: A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)

Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) is extremely diverse with an estimated 500 000 species. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on both morphological and molecular data. A web-based, systematics workbench mx was used to score 945 character states illustrated by 648 figures for 233 morphological characters for a total of 66 645 observations for 300 taxa. The matrix covers 22 chalcidoid families recognized herein and includes 268 genera within 78 of 83 subfamilies. Morphological data were analysed alone and in combination with molecular data from ribosomal 18S (2105 bp) and 28S D2–D5 expansion regions (1812 bp). Analyses were analysed alone and in combined datasets using implied-weights parsimony and likelihood. Proposed changes in higher classification resulting from the analyses include: (i) recognition of Eriaporidae, revised status; (ii) recognition of Cynipencyrtidae, revised status; (iii) recognition of Azotidae, revised status; (iv) inclusion of Sycophaginae in Agaonidae, revised status; (v) reclassification of Aphelinidae to include Aphelininae, Calesinae, Coccophaginae, Eretmocerinae and Eriaphytinae; (vi) inclusion of Cratominae and Panstenoninae within Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), new synonymy; (vii) inclusion of Epichrysomallinae in Pteromalidae, revised status. At a higher level, Chalcidoidea was monophyletic, with Mymaridae the sister group of Rotoitidae plus the remaining Chalcidoidea. A eulophid lineage was recovered that included Aphelinidae, Azotidae, Eulophidae, Signiphoridae, Tetracampidae and Trichogrammatidae. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae were monophyletic if Eutrichosomatinae (Pteromalidae) was included, and Eupelmidae was monophyletic if Oodera (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) was included. Likelihood recovered a clade of Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae). Support for other lineages and their impact on the classification of Chalcidoidea is discussed. Several life-history traits are mapped onto the new phylogeny.

小蜂总科（Chalcidoidea，膜翅目Hymenoptera）物种多样性极高，预估现存物种达50万种。本研究首次基于形态学与分子数据，对该总科开展系统发育分析。本研究依托一款基于网页的分类学工作台mx，对300个分类单元的233个形态学性状开展计分工作，共计648幅插图展示了945个性状状态，最终为300个分类单元生成总计66645条观测记录。该性状矩阵涵盖本研究认定的22个小蜂总科科级类群，涉及83个亚科中的78个亚科，共包含268个属。研究分别单独分析形态学数据，以及结合核糖体18S（2105 bp）与28S D2–D5扩张区域（1812 bp）的分子数据开展分析。本研究采用加权简约法与最大似然法，对单独数据集及合并数据集开展系统发育分析。基于分析结果提出的高级阶元分类系统修订方案包括：(i) 认定埃里小蜂科（Eriaporidae）为有效类群，修订其分类地位；(ii) 认定Cynipencyrtidae为有效类群，修订其分类地位；(iii) 认定Azotidae为有效类群，修订其分类地位；(iv) 将Sycophaginae归入榕小蜂科（Agaonidae），修订其分类地位；(v) 重新界定蚜小蜂科（Aphelinidae），将Aphelininae、Calesinae、Coccophaginae、Eretmocerinae及Eriaphytinae纳入该科；(vi) 将Cratominae与Panstenoninae归入金小蜂科（Pteromalidae）下的Pteromalinae，确立为新异名；(vii) 将Epichrysomallinae归入金小蜂科（Pteromalidae），修订其分类地位。在高阶元分类层面，小蜂总科为单系群，其中缨小蜂科（Mymaridae）为旋小蜂科（Rotoitidae）与其余小蜂总科类群的姊妹群。研究解析得到一个姬小蜂类群分支，该分支包含蚜小蜂科（Aphelinidae）、Azotidae、姬小蜂科（Eulophidae）、长盾金小蜂科（Signiphoridae）、四节金小蜂科（Tetracampidae）与赤眼蜂科（Trichogrammatidae）。若纳入金小蜂科（Pteromalidae）下的Eutrichosomatinae，褶翅小蜂科（Eucharitidae）与大痣小蜂科（Perilampidae）均为单系群；若纳入金小蜂科（Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae）下的Oodera，扁角小蜂科（Eupelmidae）亦为单系群。最大似然法分析显示，扁角小蜂科（Eupelmidae）与（长痣小蜂科（Tanaostigmatidae） + （Cynipencyrtus + 跳小蜂科（Encyrtidae）））构成一个单系分支。本研究还讨论了其余分支的支持度及其对小蜂总科分类系统的影响，并将多项生活史性状映射至新建的系统发育树上。