Scientific Analysis of Glass Eyes Excavated from Luojiaba Site in Xuanhan, Sichuan Province

This study conducts a typological classification of 11 glass eye beads excavated from the Luojiaba site, utilizing advanced analytical instruments including an ultra-depth microscope, X-ray diffraction spectrometer, X-ray micro-CT, confocal micro-Raman spectrometer, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The analysis focuses on morphology, structure, phase composition, and chemical makeup of the beads. The findings reveal that these glass eye beads exhibit varying degrees of vitrification, with two primary flux systems identified: potassium-calcium and lead-barium. Based on differences in internal and surface structure and composition, the beads are categorized into three types: potassium-calcium glass, potassium-calcium faience, and lead-barium faience. These beads appear to be imitations of the soda-lime glass glass eye beads imported from abroad, likely resulting from interactions with the Chu culture and the Central Plains regions. Of particular note is the discovery of Chinese blue synthetic pigment within the glass or vitrified faience glass eye beads from the Luojiaba site, which holds significant implications for understanding the technological origins and development of lead-barium glass, as well as broader cultural exchanges.

本研究针对罗家坝遗址出土的11颗玻璃眼珠（glass eye beads）开展类型学分类研究，借助超景深显微镜（ultra-depth microscope）、X射线衍射仪（X-ray diffraction spectrometer）、X射线显微CT（X-ray micro-CT）、共焦显微拉曼光谱仪（confocal micro-Raman spectrometer）及X射线荧光光谱仪（X-ray fluorescence spectrometer）等先进分析仪器。本次分析围绕这批玻璃眼珠的形貌、结构、物相组成与化学成分展开。研究结果显示，该批玻璃眼珠的玻璃化程度存在差异，已识别出两类核心助熔体系：钾钙体系与铅钡体系。根据内部与表面结构及组成的差异，这批玻璃眼珠可划分为三类：钾钙玻璃、钾钙釉砂（faience）以及铅钡釉砂（faience）。该批玻璃眼珠疑似仿制自海外输入的钠钙玻璃（soda-lime glass）质玻璃眼珠，其出现大概率与楚文化及中原地区的文化互动相关。尤为值得关注的是，罗家坝遗址出土的这批玻璃或釉砂质玻璃眼珠中发现了中国蓝合成颜料（Chinese blue synthetic pigment），这对于厘清铅钡玻璃的技术起源与发展脉络，乃至更广泛的跨区域文化交流均具有重要学术意义。