URINARY STONE DISEASE

Urinary stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is a common urological disorder characterized by the formation of calculi in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Stones are primarily composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or struvite. The disease can cause acute flank pain, hematuria, urinary tract obstruction, and recurrent infections, significantly affecting patient quality of life. Etiology involves multifactorial mechanisms including metabolic abnormalities, genetic predisposition, dietary habits, dehydration, and urinary tract infections. Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests and imaging studies, with non-contrast computed tomography recognized as the gold standard. Management strategies include hydration, dietary adjustments, pharmacological therapy, and interventional procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Preventive measures are essential to reduce recurrence, preserve renal function, and improve long-term outcomes.

尿路结石病（Urinary stone disease），又称尿石症（urolithiasis），是一类常见的泌尿外科病症，以肾脏、输尿管或膀胱内形成结石为核心病理特征。结石主要由草酸钙、磷酸钙、尿酸或鸟粪石（struvite）构成。该疾病可引发急性胁腹疼痛、血尿、尿路梗阻及反复感染，显著影响患者生活质量。其病因涉及多因素致病机制，涵盖代谢异常、遗传易感性、饮食习惯、脱水状态及尿路感染。诊断依赖实验室检验与影像学检查，其中非增强计算机断层扫描（non-contrast computed tomography）被广泛认可为诊断金标准。临床管理策略包括补液治疗、饮食调整、药物干预，以及体外冲击波碎石术（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy）、输尿管镜术、经皮肾镜取石术等介入操作。预防措施对于降低疾病复发率、保护肾功能及改善长期预后具有重要意义。