Standard Deviation (C) Of Daily Maximum Temperature November

High daytime maximum temperatures, up to 30 – 35 degree Celsius, generally increase rates of photosynthesis (i.e. the process by which `food` is manufactured in a plant), and thereby the rate of organic matter production. High maxima can be critical for some plants in both a negative context (e.g. the potential for grain production is reduced in maize when temperatures are too high during the flowering period) and a positive context (e.g. strawberries need high daytime temperatures to develop flavour). However, the rate of respiration (i.e. the processes by which `food` is used by a plant) also increases with temperature. As maximum temperatures reach the upper limits for a given crop, the rate of respiration (`food` used) may exceed that of photosynthesis (`food` manufactured). Thus, for example, for tomatoes growth peaks at 36 degree Celsius (Whiting et al., 2004). Time series of daily maximum temperatures from over 970 qualifying temperature stations were generated from quality controlled data for common 50 year period 1950 - 1999 using infilling and record extension techniques developed by Schulze and Maharaj (2004). From these time series at point locations, 50 years of daily maximum temperature values were generated at each of 429 700 one arc minute (1.7 km x 1.7 km) raster points covering South Africa, using regionally and seasonally determined lapse rates and other physically appropriate spatial interpolation approaches. These are given in detail in Schulze and Maharaj (2004). From these daily values, monthly means of daily minimum temperatures, as well as standard deviations of daily values for each month of the year, could be computed for purposes of mapping and production of tables of statistics for Swaziland, Lesotho and for each of the nine provinces of the RSA.

日间最高气温可达30至35摄氏度时，通常会提升光合作用（即植物合成养分的过程）速率，进而加快有机质生产速率。过高的日间最高气温对部分植物存在双向影响：负面影响层面，例如玉米开花期气温过高会降低籽粒产量潜力；正面影响层面，例如草莓需较高日间气温以形成优良风味。然而，呼吸作用（即植物消耗养分的过程）的速率同样随气温升高而提升。当最高气温达到某一作物的耐热上限时，呼吸作用（养分消耗）的速率可能会超过光合作用（养分合成）的速率。例如，番茄的生长速率在36摄氏度时达到峰值（Whiting等，2004）。

本数据集基于经过质量控制的观测数据，采用Schulze与Maharaj（2004）开发的插补与记录延长技术，生成了1950-1999年这一50年基准时段内，来自970余个合格气象站的每日最高气温时间序列。

基于上述站点位置的时间序列，结合按区域与季节确定的气温递减率及其他符合物理规律的空间插值方法，研究人员为覆盖南非全境的429700个1弧分（1.7km×1.7km）栅格点生成了50年的每日最高气温数据，相关细节已在Schulze与Maharaj（2004）的研究中完整说明。

基于上述每日气温数据，可计算得到月均日最低气温，以及全年各月日气温值的标准差，用于斯威士兰、莱索托以及南非共和国（Republic of South Africa，RSA）九个省份的专题制图与统计制表工作。