Table_1_A glance at the gut microbiota and the functional roles of the microbes based on marmot fecal samples.docx

Research on the gut microbiota, which involves a large and complex microbial community, is an important part of infectious disease control. In China, few studies have been reported on the diversity of the gut microbiota of wild marmots. To obtain full details of the gut microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and archaea, in wild marmots, we have sequenced metagenomes from five sample-sites feces on the Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. We have created a comprehensive database of bacterial, fungal, viral, and archaeal genomes and aligned metagenomic sequences (determined based on marmot fecal samples) against the database. We delineated the detailed and distinct gut microbiota structures of marmots. A total of 5,891 bacteria, 233 viruses, 236 fungi, and 217 archaea were found. The dominant bacterial phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinomycetes. The viral families were Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Herpesviridae and Podoviridae. The dominant fungi phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota. The dominant archaea were Biobacteria, Omoarchaea, Nanoarchaea, and Microbacteria. Furthermore, the gut microbiota was affected by host species and environment, and environment was the most important factor. There were 36,989 glycoside hydrolase genes in the microbiota, with 365 genes homologous to genes encoding β-glucosidase, cellulase, and cellulose β-1,4-cellobiosidase. Additionally, antibiotic resistance genes such as macB, bcrA, and msbA were abundant. To sum up, the gut microbiota of marmot had population diversity and functional diversity, which provides a basis for further research on the regulatory effects of the gut microbiota on the host. In addition, metagenomics revealed that the gut microbiota of marmots can degrade cellulose and hemicellulose.

对肠道微生物群的研究，涉及庞大而复杂的微生物群落，是感染性疾病控制的重要部分。在我国，关于野生旱獭肠道微生物多样性的研究报道寥寥无几。为获取野生旱獭肠道微生物群的完整信息，包括细菌、真菌、病毒和古菌，我们已对内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原五个采样点的旱獭粪便样本进行宏基因组测序。我们构建了一个包含细菌、真菌、病毒和古菌基因组以及与数据库对齐的宏基因组序列（基于旱獭粪便样本确定）的综合性数据库。我们描绘了旱獭独特的肠道微生物群结构。共发现了5,891种细菌、233种病毒、236种真菌和217种古菌。优势细菌门为厚壁菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门。病毒科包括噬菌体科、丝状噬菌体科、藻病毒科、疱疹病毒科和细小病毒科。优势真菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和接合菌门。优势古菌为生物古菌、同源古菌、纳米古菌和微细菌。此外，肠道微生物群受宿主物种和环境的影响，其中环境是最重要的因素。微生物群中存在36,989个糖苷水解酶基因，其中365个基因与编码β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶和纤维素β-1,4-半乳糖苷酶的基因同源。此外，还发现了大量抗生素耐药基因，如macB、bcrA和msbA。总之，旱獭的肠道微生物群具有种群多样性和功能多样性，这为研究肠道微生物群对宿主的调节效应提供了基础。此外，宏基因组学揭示了旱獭肠道微生物群可以降解纤维素和半纤维素。