MEOP-CTD in-situ data collection: a Southern ocean Marine-mammals calibrated sea water temperatures and salinities observations

The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in regulating the global climate. This ocean also contains a rich and highly productive ecosystem, potentially vulnerable to climate change. Very large national and international efforts are directed towards the modeling of physical oceanographic processes to predict the response of the Southern Ocean to global climate change and the role played by the large-scale ocean climate processes. However, these modeling efforts are greatly limited by the lack of in situ measurements, especially at high latitudes and during winter months. The standard data that are needed to study ocean circulation are vertical profiles of temperature and salinity, from which we can deduce the density of seawater. These are collected with CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth) sensors that are usually deployed on research vessels or, more recently, on autonomous Argo profilers. The use of conventional research vessels to collect these data is very expensive, and does not guarantee access to areas where sea ice is found at the surface of the ocean during the winter months. A recent alternative is the use of autonomous Argo floats. However, this technology is not easy to use in glaciated areas. In this context, the collection of hydrographic profiles from CTDs mounted on marine mammals is very advantageous. The choice of species, gender or age can be done to selectively obtain data in particularly under-sampled areas such as under the sea ice or on continental shelves. Among marine mammals, elephant seals are particularly interesting. Indeed, they have the particularity to continuously dive to great depths (590 ± 200 m, with maxima around 2000 m) for long durations (average length of a dive 25 ± 15 min, maximum 80 min). A Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Satellite Relay Data Logger (CTD-SRDLs) has been developed in the early 2000s to sample temperature and salinity vertical profiles during marine mammal dives (Boehme et al. 2009, Fedak 2013). The CTD-SRDL is attached to the seal on land, then it records hydrographic profiles during its foraging trips, sending the data by satellite ARGOS whenever the seal goes back to the surface.While the principle intent of seal instrumentation was to improve understanding of seal foraging strategies (Biuw et al., 2007), it has also provided as a by-product a viable and cost-effective method of sampling hydrographic properties in many regions of the Southern Ocean (Charrassin et al., 2008; Roquet et al., 2013).

南大洋在全球气候调节中发挥着基础性作用。该海域同时拥有丰富且高生产力的生态系统，且极易受到气候变化的影响。当前各国及国际社会已投入大量资源，开展物理海洋过程建模研究，以预测南大洋对全球气候变化的响应，以及大型海洋气候过程所发挥的作用。然而，此类建模工作却因现场实测数据的匮乏而受到极大限制，在高纬度海域及冬季月份尤为如此。研究海洋环流所需的标准数据为温度与盐度的垂直剖面，通过该剖面可推算海水密度。此类数据可通过电导率-温度-深度（Conductivity-Temperature-Depth, CTD）传感器采集，这类传感器通常部署于科研船上，近年来也开始应用于自主式Argo剖面浮标。使用传统科研船采集此类数据成本高昂，且无法确保在冬季海面存在海冰的海域开展作业。自主式Argo浮标是近年来出现的替代方案，但该技术在冰覆盖海域的应用难度较大。在此背景下，搭载于海洋哺乳动物身上的CTD传感器采集水文剖面数据的方式极具优势。通过选择不同物种、性别或年龄的海洋哺乳动物，可针对性地在海冰下、大陆架等采样不足的区域获取数据。在海洋哺乳动物中，象海豹尤为引人注目。事实上，象海豹具备持续深潜的特性：平均潜深为590±200米，最大潜深可达2000米左右；单次潜水时长平均为25±15分钟，最长可达80分钟。21世纪初，科研人员研发出电导率-温度-深度卫星中继数据记录器（Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Satellite Relay Data Logger, CTD-SRDL），用于在海洋哺乳动物潜水期间采集温度与盐度的垂直剖面数据（Boehme等人，2009；Fedak，2013）。CTD-SRDL会在陆地上被安装在象海豹身上，随后在其觅食巡游期间记录水文剖面数据，每当象海豹浮出水面时，便通过ARGOS卫星传回采集到的数据。尽管为象海豹加装此类设备的初衷是为了加深对其觅食策略的理解（Biuw等人，2007），但该技术也附带产生了一种可行且高性价比的采样方案，可在南大洋诸多海域采集水文属性数据（Charrassin等人，2008；Roquet等人，2013）。