Research progress and lightweight path of γ ray shielding composites

γ ray shielding materials have important application value in fields such as nuclear energy, medical treatment, and aerospace. Although traditional lead-based materials exhibit excellent shielding performance, their high density, toxicity, and insufficient flexibility, which limits their application in lightweight and environmentally friendly designs. In recent years, composite materials have attracted growing research interest due to their low density, good processability, and tunable properties. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in lightweight γ ray shielding composites, with a focus on three key aspects: matrix types, filler size, and structural optimization. The characteristics and limitations of various design strategies were discussed, along with emerging trends in multifunctional designs such as flame retardancy, electromagnetic shielding, and green sustainability. Significant progress has been made in the lightweight design of γ ray shielding composites; however, challenges remain regarding the balance between shielding efficiency and mechanical properties, poor filler dispersion, and limitations in engineering applications. Future research should focus on integrated multifunctional design, promote the development of green and sustainable solutions, and advance scalable fabrication techniques, thereby providing new strategies for protection in complex radiation environments.

γ射线（γ ray）屏蔽材料在核能、医疗、航空航天等领域具有重要应用价值。尽管传统铅基材料具备优异的屏蔽性能，但其密度高、毒性强且柔韧性不足，限制了其在轻量化与环保型设计中的应用。近年来，复合材料因密度低、加工性能优良且性能可调，日益受到科研领域的关注。本综述系统总结了轻量化γ射线屏蔽复合材料的最新研究进展，重点围绕三大核心方向展开：基体类型、填料尺寸与结构优化。本文探讨了各类设计策略的特点与局限性，并梳理了阻燃、电磁屏蔽、绿色可持续等多功能设计的新兴发展趋势。目前γ射线屏蔽复合材料的轻量化设计已取得显著进展，但仍面临诸多挑战：如屏蔽效率与力学性能的平衡难题、填料分散性不佳，以及工程应用受限等问题。未来的研究应聚焦于集成化多功能设计，推动绿色可持续解决方案的发展，并精进可规模化制备工艺，从而为复杂辐射环境下的防护提供全新策略。