Highly charged ions (HCI) and HCI beams used in state of the art applications.

Transition energies of highly charged ions (HCI) is a topic of interest in atomic physics, as well as the use of beams of HCIs in applications. For example, HCIs can intervene as a surface functionalization tool, or allow for studies relevant to astrophysics. Here is a comparison that surveys papers using state of the art beam technology in order to either: produce, excite or apply HCIs in various scenarios.

高电荷离子（Highly Charged Ion, HCI）的跃迁能是原子物理学领域的研究热点之一，同时高电荷离子束在应用中的使用也备受关注。例如，HCI可作为表面功能化工具发挥作用，或为天体物理学相关研究提供支持。本文对采用先进束流技术在不同场景下制备、激发或应用HCI的相关论文进行了综述比较。