Table_1_Association between coffee intake and frailty among older American adults: A population-based cross-sectional study.DOCX

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the association between coffee consumption and frailty in older American adults. We focused on individuals at higher frailty risk, such as women, ethnic minorities, smokers, and those with obesity and insufficient physical activity.
MethodsThe data of 8,087 individuals aged over 60 years from the 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used for this cross-sectional study. The coffee drinks were classified into two categories: caffeinated and decaffeinated. Frailty was measured using the 53-item frailty index. Weighted binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between coffee intake and frailty risk. Restricted cubic spline models were used to assess the dose–response relationship between caffeinated coffee intake and frailty.
ResultsAmong the 8,087 participants, 2,458 (30.4%) had frailty. Compared with those who reported no coffee consumption, the odds ratios [ORs; 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] of total coffee consumption > 498.9 (g/day) were 0.65 (0.52, 0.79) in the fully adjusted model. Compared with those who reported no caffeinated coffee consumption, the ORs (95% CIs) of total coffee consumption > 488.4 (g/day) were 0.68 (0.54, 0.85) in the fully adjusted model. Compared with those who reported no decaffeinated coffee consumption, the ORs (95% CIs) of total coffee consumption > 0 (g/day) were 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) in the fully adjusted model. Nonlinear associations were detected between total coffee and caffeinated coffee consumption and frailty. In the subgroup analyses by smoking status, the association between coffee consumption and the risk of frailty was more pronounced in non-smokers (P for interaction = 0.031).
ConclusionCaffeinated coffee consumption was independently and nonlinearly associated with frailty, especially in non-smokers. However, decaffeinated coffee consumption was not associated with frailty.

### 研究目的
本研究旨在探究美国老年成年人的咖啡摄入与衰弱（frailty）之间的关联，重点关注衰弱风险较高的人群，包括女性、少数族裔、吸烟者，以及合并肥胖与体力活动不足的个体。
### 研究方法
本项横断面研究纳入2007-2018年美国国家健康与营养调查（National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys）中8087名60岁以上受试者的数据。将咖啡饮品分为含咖啡因咖啡与脱咖啡因咖啡（decaffeinated）两类；采用53条目衰弱指数（53-item frailty index）评估受试者的衰弱状态；通过加权二元logistic回归模型分析咖啡摄入与衰弱风险的关联；采用限制性立方样条模型（restricted cubic spline models）探究含咖啡因咖啡摄入与衰弱之间的剂量-反应关系。
### 研究结果
在8087名受试者中，共2458人（30.4%）存在衰弱情况。与无咖啡摄入者相比，完全校正模型中总咖啡摄入量＞498.9g/天的受试者的比值比（odds ratios，ORs）及95%置信区间（confidence intervals，CIs）为0.65（95%CI: 0.52, 0.79）。与无含咖啡因咖啡摄入者相比，完全校正模型中总咖啡摄入量＞488.4g/天的受试者的OR（95%CI）为0.68（0.54, 0.85）。与无脱咖啡因咖啡摄入者相比，完全校正模型中总咖啡摄入量＞0g/天的受试者的OR（95%CI）为0.87（0.71, 1.06）。分析显示总咖啡及含咖啡因咖啡的摄入量与衰弱之间存在非线性关联。按吸烟状态进行的亚组分析表明，咖啡摄入与衰弱风险的关联在非吸烟者中更为显著（交互作用P=0.031）。
### 研究结论
含咖啡因咖啡的摄入与衰弱存在独立的非线性关联，尤其在非吸烟者中更为明显；而脱咖啡因咖啡的摄入与衰弱无显著关联。